EDUCATIONAL STANDARDS IN JAPAN 1975


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EDUCATIONAL STANDARDS IN JAPAN 1975

PREFACE TO TIDE ENGLISH VERSION

PREFACE

Information of The Publication

INTRODUCTION. GENERAL SURVEY OF THE SCALE OF SCHOOL EDUCATION

1 Educational Population

2 Educational Personnel

3 School Buildings

4 School Education Expenditures

CHAPTER 1 EDUATIONAL POPULATION AND EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITY

1 Pre-School Education

(1) General State at the National Level

(2) State at the Prefectural Level

(3) International Comparison

2 Compulsory Education

(1) General State at the National Level

(2) State at the Prefectural Level

(3) Direction Taken by Lower Secondary School Graduates

3 Upper Secondary Education

(1) Number and Proportion of students Going on to Institutions of Upper Secondary Education

a General State at the National Level

b State at the Prefectural Level

c International Comparison

(2) Number and Breakdown of Students

a General State at the National Level

b State at the Prefectural Level

(3) Direction Taken by Graduates

4 Higher Education

(1) Number of Entrants into Institutions of Higher Education and Rate of Student Advancement Thereto

a Number of Entrants into Universities, Junior Colleges, Etc. and Rate of Student Advancement Thereto

b International Comparison of Rate of Student Advancement to Universities, Junior Colleges, Etc.

c Number of Entrants into Graduate Schools and Rate of Student Advancement Thereto

(2) State of Admission and Application to Universities and Junior Colleges

a Breakdown of Entrants into New Upper Secondary School Graduates and Ronin Students

b b. Number of New Upper Secondary School Graduate Applicants and Entrants

c Application and Success Rate among New Upper Secondary School Graduates in Applying to Universities and Junior Colleges, Classified by Course of Study in Upper Secondary School

d Success Rate among Applicants to Universities, Classified as New Upper Secondary School Graduates or Ronin Students

e State of Applications, Classified by Field of Specialization in University

(3) Number and Breakdown of Students Enrolled in Institutions of Higher Education

a Number and Breakdown of Students

b Enrollment in Universities and Junior Colleges, Classified by Field of Specialization

c c. International Comparison

d Proportion of Foreign Students

e Enrollment in Graduate Schoo1s

(4) Repeaters and Dropouts in Undergraduate Courses

(5) Direction Taken by Graduates

(6) Inter-Prefectural Fluidity of Students Going on to Universities (Undergraduate Courses)

5 Special Education

6 Education of Children of Persons in Overseas Service

7 Miscellaneous Schools

CHAPTER 2 SCHOOL SYSTEM AND EDUCATIONAL CONTENTS AND METHODS

1 School System - The Present State and Movement for Its Improvement

2 Educational Contents and Methods

(1) Curriculum in Elementary and Secondary Education

a. Preparation of Curriculum

b. Improvement of Curriculum

(2) Improvement of Curriculum in Higher Education

(3) Educational Methods

a. Text-Books

b. Utilization of Instructional Equipment

(4) Qualification for and Certification of Admission and Graduation

3 Methods of Entrant Selection

(1) Selection of Entrants in Secondary Education

(2) Selection of Entrants in Higher Education

CHAPTER 3 EDUCATIONAL PERSONNEL

1 Placement of Educational Personnel

(1) Number of Educational Personnel, and Number of Students per Educational Personnel

(2) Class Organization and Teacher Quota

2 Distribution of Teachers

(1) Age Distribution of Teachers

(2) Distribution of Teachers by Educational Background

(3) Distribution of Teachers by Sex

(4) Universities from Which University Teachers Graduated and Those in Which They Serve

3 Status and Working Conditions of Teachers

(1) Teacher Status, Etc.

(2) Teacher Salary

a. Salary System

b. Salary Standard

4 Teacher Job Performance

(1) Teaching Hours

a. Elementary and Secondary Schools

b. Universities

(2) Number of Schools in Which Teachers Serve

5 Training and In-SerJice Training of Teachers

(1) Teacher Training System

(2) In-Service Training of Teachers

6 Prefectural Distribution of Teachers, Classified by Sex and Age

CHAPTER 4 SIZE AND FACILITIES ANDEQUIPMENT OF SCHOOLS

1 Number and Size of Schools.

(l) Elementary and Lower Secorndary Schools

(2) Upper Secondary Schools

(3) Kindergartens

(4) Universities and Junior Colleges

2 School Facilities and Equipment

(l) School Building Floor Space

a. Floor Space per Student at Each Educational Level

b. Floor Space of School Buildings, Etc., Classified by Type of Structwe

(2) Sjze of Schoo Sites

Elementary, Lower Secondary and Upper Secondary Scnools and Kindergartens

b. Universities and Junior Colleges

3 School Equipment

3 Relationhip between Enrollment per School and Number Schools, Classified by Prefecture

CHAPTER 5 EDUCATIONAL EXPENDITURES

1 Scale of Educational Expenditures

(l) Scale of Government-Disbursed Educational Expenditures

(2) International Comparison of Scale of Government-Disbursed Educational Expenditures

2 Breakdown of Educational Expenditures

(1) Breakdown of Expenditures for Each Educational Field

(2) Breakdown of Expenditures at Each Educational Level

(3) Breakdown of Expenditures for Each Type of Outlay

(4) Educational Expenditures per Student

3 Sources of Fducational Expenditures

(1) Sources of Ptiblic and Pdvaae Educationa1 Fxpenditures

(2) Sources of Public and Private School Education Expenditures

(3) Household Share in School Education Eipenditures

(4) Financial Assistance for School Attendance and Providing of Scholarships

a. Financial Assistance for School Attendance

b. Programs for Providing Scholarships and Aid to Studetts

4 Increase of School Education Expenditures, Classifted by Type of Outlay

5 Distribution of School Education Expenditures, Classifred by Type of Outlay and Prefecture

CHAPTER 6. EDUCATION AND SOCIETY

1 People's Educational Attainments

(1) People's Educationalb Atta!ments

a. Distribution if Educational Background

b. Distribution of Educational Background among Working Population

c. Employment Rate, Classified by Educational Background

(2) Employment of New School Graduates

a. Trends in Employment Rate

b. Distribution of New Grfduates, Classified by Occupation

(3) Changes in Direction Taken by Those Completing Compulsory Education

(4) Educational Backgroiund ahd Income

2 Social Demand for Diversified Education, and the Response

CHART INDEX

Chart 0-1. Transition in Educational Population

Chart 0-2. Transition since Meiji Era in Educational Population at the Secondary and Higher Education Level

Chart 0-3. Transition in Number of Educational Personnel

Chart 0-4. Transition in Total Floor Space or School Buildings

Chart 0-5. Transition in Public and Private School Education Expenditures

Chart 1-1. Enrollment in Kindergartens and Day Nurseries (3 to 5-year-old children)

Table 1-1. Enrollment Rate in Kindergartens and Day Nurseries, Classified by Age of Enrolled Children

Table 1-2. Proportion of Children Enrolled in Kindergartens, Classified by Establishing Body

Chart 1-2. Enrollment Rate for Kindergartens, by Prefecture (with enrollment rate for day murseries attached )

Chart 1-3. Transition in Number of Children Enrlooed in Kindergartens, Classified by Prefecture and Establishing Body

Chart 1-4. Pre-School Education Enrollment Rate, Classified by Age- International Comparison -

Chart 1-5. Compulsory Education Population

Chart 1-6. Transition in Compulsory Education Enrol1ment, Classified by Prefecture

Chart 1-7. Direction Taken by Lower Secondary School Graduates

Chart 1-8. Proportion of Lower Secondary School Graduates Advancing to Higher-Level Schools

Chart 1-9. Number of Lower Secondary School Graduates Applying to Higher-Level Schools and Percentage of Successful Applicants

Chart 1-10. Number of Lower Secondary School Graduates and Proportion of Those Graduates Advancing to Higher-Level Schools

Chart 1-11. Transition in Rate of Pupil Advancement to Upper Secondary Schools, Etc., Classified by Prefecture

Table 1-3. Advancement Rate of Male and Female Student to Upper Secondary Schools Etc. for Each Prefecture, Classified by Sex

Chart 1-12. Inter-Prefectural Inflow and Outflow or Entrants into upper Secondary Schools, Etc. by Prefecture (1975)

Chart 1-13. Number of Lower Secondary School Graduates and Rate of Their Advancement to Upper Secondary Education Schools, Classified by Prefecture

Chart 1-14. Rate of Pupil Advancement to Upper Secondary Education Schools- International Comparison -

Chart 1-15. Rate of Pupil Advancement to Upper Secondary Education Schools and Popu1ation of Corresponding Age Group

Chart 1-16. Number and Breakdown of Upper Secondary School Student Population

Chart 1-17. Departmental Distribution or upper Secondaly School Students (Regular Course)

Chart 1-18. Proportion of Vocational Course Enrollment to Students in Upper Secondary School Regular Course by Prefecture

Chart 1-19. Direction Taken by Upper Secondary School Graduates

Table 1-4. Rate of Graduation from Secondary Schools- International Comparison -

Chart 1-20. Number of Entrants into Universities and Junior Colleges, and Rate of Student Advancement Thereto

Chart 1-21. Rate of Student Advancement to Universities and Junior Colleges, Etc.- International Comparison -

Chart 1-22. Number of Entrants into Graduate Schools and Rate of Student Advancement Thereto

Chart 1-23. Number of Entrants into Universities and Junior Colleges, Classified as New Upper Secondary School Graduates or Ronin Students

Chart 1-24. Number of New Upper Secondary School Graduate App1icants to Universities and Junior Colleges and Number of New Upper Secondary School Graduate Entrants Thereto

Table 1-5. Application Rate of New Upper Secondary School Graduates to Universities and Junior Colleges versus Success Rate, Classified by General and Vocational Courses of Upper Secondary Schools

Chart 1-25. Success Rate among Applicants to Universities, Classified as New Upper Secondary School Graduates or Ronin Students

Chart 1-26. Rate of Competition for Admission to Universities, Classified by Field of Specialization

Chart 1-27. Proportion cat Ronin Applicants, Classified by Field of Specialization in Universities

Chart. 1-28. Enrollment in Institutions of Higher Education

Chart 1-29. Proportion of Private School Students to Total Enrollment in Institutions of Higher Education

Chart 1-30. Proportion of Female Students to Total Enrollment in Institutions of Higher Education

Chart 1-31. Tota1 Enrollment in Universities (Undergraduate Courses) and Junior Colleges (Regular Courses), Classified by Field of Specialization

Chart 1-32. Proportion of Enrollment in Universities (Undergraduate Courses) and Junior College (Regular Courses), Classified by Field of Specialization

Chart 1-33. Enrollment in Universities (Undergraduate Courses), Junior Colleges, Etc.- International Comparison -

Table 1-6. Proportion of Undergraduates, Classified by Field of Specialization- International Comparison -

Chart 1-34. Proportion of Female Students among Undergraduates- International Comparison -

Chart 1-35. Proportion of Foreign Students among Undergraduates- International Comparison -

Chart 1-36. Enrollment in Graduate Schools

Table 1-7. Proportion of Postgraduates, Classified by Field of Specialization

Chart 1-37. Number of Postgraduates and Number of Undergraduautes-International Comparison -

Chart 1-38. Undergraduate Graduation Rate

Chart 1-39. Direction Taken by Graduates of Higher Educational Institutions

Table 1-8. Number of Degree (Master's Degree and Doctor's Degree) Grantees per 100,000 Population

Chart 1-40. Inter-Prefectural Fluidity of Entrants into Universities (Undergraduate Courses) (1975)

Chart 1-41. Rate of University Applicants

Chart 1-42. Reasons That University App1icants in Prefectures of Outflow Apply to Universities of Other Prefectures

Chart 1-43. Proportion of Those Admitted to Universities They Had Wished to Enter

Chart 1-44. Enrollment in Various Schools of Special Education and Special Classes

Chart 1-45. Proportion of Enrollment in Various Schools of Special Education and Special Classes to Total Population of Children of Compulsory Education Age

Chart 1-46. Enrollment in Various Schools of Special Education and Special Classes, Classified by Type of Disorder

Chart 1-47. School Attendance by Children of Those in Overseas Service, Classified by Age Group

Chart 1-48. School Attendance by Children (6 to 14-year-olds) of Those in Overseas Service, Classified by Region (1974)

Chart 1-49. Number of Entrants into Miscellaneous Schools

Chart 1-50. Enrollment in Miscellaneous Schools, Classified by Course(1) Male Students(2) Female Students

Chart 1-51. Enrollment in and Number of Years Required for Graduation from Miscellaneous Schools, Classified by Requirement for Admission (1975)

Chart 2-1. Distribution Diagram of Schools- International Comparison -

Table 2-1. Mechanism of Curriculum Preparation - International Comparison -

Table 2-2. Outline of Current Curriculum Standards

Table 2-3. Textbook System- International Comparison -

Table 2-5 NHK TV and Radio School Program Utilization Rate

Table 2-6. Qualification for and Certification of Admission, Promotion and Graduation- International Comparison -

Table 2-7. Selection of Local Upper Secondary Entrants(1) School District System (Full-time General Course)(2) Selection Method(3) Relationship of Various Data Used in Determination of Successful Applicants(4) Number of Subject Areas on Which Selective Achievement Test was Given

Table 2-8. Entrant Selection Procedures to Universities (Undergraduate Courses)- International Comparison -

Table 2-9. Entrant Selection by Universities (Daytime Undergraduate courses)(1) Use of Various Selection Data(2) Student Admission on Recommendation

Table 2-9. Entrant Selection by Universities (Daytime Undergraduate courses)(3) Use of Credentials

Chart 3-1. Number of Teachers in Elementary, LowerSecondary and Upper Secondary School and Kindergartens

Chart 3-2. Relationship lmtween Number of Teachersana Student/Teacher Ratio in Elementary, Lower Secondary and Upper'SecondarySchools and Kindergartens

Chart 3-3. Number of Non-Teaching Staff in Elementary, Lower Secondary and Upper SecondarySchools and Kindergartens

Chart 3-4. Relationship between Number of Non-Teaching Staff and Number of Students per Non-Teaching Staff Member in Elementary, LowerSecondary and Upper Secondary Schools andKindergartens

Chart 3-5. Number of Teaching Staff in Universitiesand Junior Colleges

Chart 3-6. Relationship between Number of Teachersand Student/Teacher Ratio in Universitiesand Junior Colleges

Chart 3-7. Number of Non-Teaching Staff in Universites and Junior Colleges

Chart 3-8. Relationship between Number of Non-Teaching Staff and Number of Students per Non?Teaching Staff Member in Universities almdJunior Colleges

Chart 3-9. Student/Teacher Ratio in Primary and Secondary Education-International Comparison-(1) Public Primary School(2) Public Secondary School

Chart 3-10. Number or stuaents per Teaching StaffMember in Universities-International Comparison-

Table 3-1.Class Organaization Standard-International Comparison-

Table 3-2. Formula of Computing Prescribed Number of Teachers-Interutational Comparison-

Chart 3-11. Sex and Age nttrnbution of Teachers in Elementary, Lower Secondary and Upper Secondary Schools and Kindergartens(1) Local and Private Kindergarten Teachers(2) Local Elementary School Teachers(3) Local Lower Secondary School Teachers(4) Local and Private Upper Secondary School Teachers

Chart 3-12. Distribution of University and Junior College Teaching Staff by Establishing Body of Institution and by Age of Teacher(1) Teaching Staff of Unicersities (2) Teaching Staff of Junior Colleges

Chart 3-13. Distfibution of Tiachers by Educatlonl Background

Table 3-3. Proportion of Female Teachers (in Public Schools)-International Comparison-

Chart 3-14. Proportion of University Teachers Serving in Same Universities from Which They Graduated (only in Universities with Graduate Schools) (1971)

Table 3-4, Percentage or Distribqtion or University Teachers, by University from Which They Graduated (1971)

Table 3-5. Teacher-International

Table 3-6. Types and Application of Salary Table-International Comparison-

Table 3-6. (continued)

Table 3-7. Standards of Starting Salary, Salary Ceiling and Salary Increase for Primary and Secondary School Teachers-International Comparison-

Chart 3-15. Average Salary of Teachers by Age Group

Table 3-8. Average Salary of Teachers and Per Capita National Income-International Comparison-

Chart 3-16. Week1y Teaching Hours of Elementaty, Lower Secondary and Upper Secondary School Teachers

Chart 3-17. Weekly Teaching Hours of Full-Time and Part-Time Teachers (1974)

Tadle 3-9. Ratef Converaion from Numder of Part-Time Teachers into Numder of Full-Time Teachers (1974)

Chart 3-18. Number of Full-Time and Part-Time Teachers, and Number of Part-Time Teachers Converted into That of Full-Time Teachers(1974)

Chart 3-19. Number of Schools in which Teachers Serve by Years of Service (1971)

Table 3-l0. Teac1ier Training System-InternationalComparison-

Chart 3-20. Placement, Etc. of Teachers in Each Prefecture

Table of National Synoptic Average

Table 4-l. Number of Local Elementary and Lower Secondary Schools, Classified by Enrollment

Table 4-2. Distribution of Number and Enrollment of Local Elementary andLower Secondary Schools, Classified by School Size

Table 4-3. Number of Upper Secondary Schools, Classified by Enrollment

Table 4-4. Distribution of Number and Enrollmnent of Upper Secondary Schools, Classified by School Size

Table 4-5. Nuuxnber of Kindergartens, Classified by Enrollment

Table 4-6. Distribution or Nuznber and Flnrollttnent in Kindergartens, Classified by School Size

Tabre 4-7. Distribution of Number and Enrollment of Universities and Junior Colleges, Classified by School Size

Chart 4-1. Relationship between School Building Floor space per stuaent ant Enrollment per School(1) Elementary, Lower Secondary and Upper Secondary Schools amtd Kindergartens(2) Universities and Junior Colleges

Chart 4-2. Floor Space of School Buildings, Etc. in Local Schools, Classified by Type of Structure

Chart 4-3. ReIationship between Size of School Sites per Student and Enrollment per School (in Elenuentary, Lower Secondary and Upper Secondary Schools and Kindergartens)

Tadle 4-8 Size of School Sites per student and per school (in Universities and Junior Colleges)

Chart 5-l. Government-Disbmsed Educational Expenditures, Total Administrative Expenditures and National Income

Chart 5-2. Relationship among Government-Disbursed Educational Expenditures, Total Administeative Expenditures and National Income

Chart 5-3. Relationship between Educational Expenditnres and Administrative Expenditures, Classified by National and Local Governments

Chart 5-4. Proportic>n of Government-Disbursed Educa-tional Expenditures to National Income-International Comparison-

Table 5-1. Average Annual Rate of Increase in Government-Disbursed Educational Expenditures-International Comparison-

Chart 5-5. Public and private Educational Expenditures, Classified by Educational Fields

Chart 5-6. Public and Private School Education Expenditures, Classified by Educational Level

Table 5-2. Distribution of Government-Disbursed School Education Expenditures to Each Educational Level-International Comparison-

Table 5-3. Breakdown of School Educition Expenditures for Each Type of Outlay

Table 5-4. School Education Expenditures, Classified by Type of Outlay-International Comparison-

Chart 5-7. School. Education Expenditures per Student

Chart 5-8. Public and Private Educational Expenditures, Classified by Source

Table 5-5. Distribution of Share of School Flducation Expenditures Borne, Classified by Establishing Body

Table 5-6. Distribution of Share of School Education Expenditures Borne by Establishing Body, Classified by Educational Level

Table 5-7. Tuition and Other School Fees per Student(Annual Figure)

Chart 5-9. Relationship between per Student School Education Expermditmes Bone by Household and per Capita Personal Consumptive Spending

Tab1e 5-8. Change in Number or stuaents Provided with Scholarships by Japan Scholarship Foundation and Total Amount of Scholarship Offered

Table 5-9. Proportion of Increase Ascribable to Commodity Price Increase, in Nominal Increase of School Education Expenditures

Chart 5-10. Increase of School Education Expenditures (Real Valfe), Classified by Outlay

Table 5-10. Proportion of Real Inaease, Classified by Type of Outlay, in Total Inaease of School Education Expenditures

Chart 5-II. Proportion of "Full-Time Teacher Salary" and "Capital Outlay and Debt RedemptionExpenses" to School Education Expenditures, Classified by Prefecture (Fiscal 1973)

Chart 6-1. Distribution of Level of People's EducationalBackgdound (for Persons 15 to 64 Years Old)

Chart 6-2. Peiple's Educational Bfckgrotind, Cassified by Sex and Age Group (for Persons 15 to 64 Years Old)

Chart 6-3. Average Years of Schooling-Interntional Comparison-

Table 6-1. Re1ationship between Educational Background and Occupation

Chart 6-4. Emp1oyment Rate, Classified by Educitional Background

Table 6-2. New School Graduate Emp1oyment Rate, Classified by Type of School and Sex

Table 6-3. 0ccupational Distribution of the Newly Employed, Classified by Type of School

Chart 6-5. Educational Background Distribution of the Newly Employed, Classified by Occupation

Chart 6-6. Comparison of Lower Secondary Graduates of 1958 and Those of 1968 over Direction Taken

Chart 6-7. Comparison of Wages, Classified by Age Group among Male Employees, Classified by Educational Background

Table 6-4. Starting Salary of Male Employees, Classified by Educational Background

Table 6-5. Changes in the Number of Free Hours of Male and Female Adults and per Capita National Income

Table 6-6. Poll on the Necessity for Learning after Completion of School Education (1971)

Table 6-7. Survey of Learning Activities after Graduation from School (1971)

Table 6-8. Number of Facilities for Social Education Activities, Etc.

Table 6-9. Floor Space per Facility

Table 6-10. Full-Time Instructional Personnel

Table 6-11. Transition in Number of Users of Social Education Facilities

APPENDIX

1 APPENDIX

. BASIC TABLE Basic Tables - explanatory notes

2 APPENDIX

. REFERENTIAL CHART

3 APPENDIX

. LIST OF SOURCES