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CHAPTER 2 SCHOOL SYSTEM AND EDUCATIONAL CONTENTS AND METHODS
2 Educational Contents and Methods
(3) Educational Methods
a. Text-Books


Text-books are playing an important role as major teaching materials in elementary, lower secondary and upper secondary schools and other schools of similar levels in Japan. At present, except for the Ministry of Education-authored text-books dealing with a portion of vocational education in upper secondary schools and special education, nearly all text-books are authored and edited by private textbook companies, and are published after authorization by the Minister of Education, Science and Culture on the basis of recommendations from the Textbook Authorization Reaserch Council, which is made up of school teachers and other persons of substantial academic experience. Adoption of textbooks for local schools is the responsibility of local boards of education and, for national and private schools, is the responsibility of the principals.

The whole process of textbook production, from authorship and editing to their adoption and system of supply in several selected countries is summarized in Table 2-3.

According to this table, the system of editing by national government has been adopted in the U.S.S.R., with the Ministry of Education of each member Republic assuming the responsibility for each step in the process from authorship and editing to adoption of textbooks. The authorization system has been adopted in the Federal Republic of Germany and the certification system in the United States. In France, each prefectural authority (departement) prepares a list of certified textbooks. In England & Wales, school principals are commissioned to adopt textbooks by local government authorities.

Table 2-3. Textbook System- International Comparison -


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