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In order to improve the quality of teachers, it is necessary not only to encourage teachers to train themselves but also to help them by expanding and improving the in-service training system. The Ministry of Education and prefectural boards of education have hitherto been endeavoring to undertake various study meetings, training courses, etc., aimed at the enhancement of teachers' quality, while continuing efforts for improvement of their content. The major types of study meetings, training courses, etc. for teachers at the upper. secondary school level and below are, the training courses for school principals, assistant principals, etc., training courses for middle-level educational personnel, dispatch of teachers overseas for study, specialized in-service training on special education, training courses on practical skills in elementary and lower secondary schools, training courses for upper secondary school teachers in supervisory posts, study meetings on curriculum, preparatory courses for unqualified teachers wishing to obtain teacher's certificates, and the like. Such programs as sending teachers to national universities for study of a specified period, having teachers receive industrial education at universities or enterprises in Japan and having teachers of special education study at universities in Japan have been implemented with the cooperation of universities. Implemented for in-service training of university teachers are such programs as dispatching teachers overseas for study, dispatching teachers to international study meetings, having young teachers study at certain research institutions in Japan, and the like.

In the United States, while the in-service training system for teachers differs somewhat from state to state, the boards of education of the states or regional school districts generally provide teachers with the opportunity of in-service training under contracts with local universities, which give credits to those who have taken the specified courses. Teachers are free to utilize the summer vacation, etc. to receive in-service training. During the period of in-service training, teachers are entitled to pay in some states such as California, but are not in others. There are also some states where the tuition and otlter fees charged for in-service training are subsidized.

In England and Males, long-term and sltort-term in-service training is undertaken by the Department of Education and Science, local education authorities, universities, colleges of eclucation, etc. With a view to encouraeine teachers to receive in-service training, local education authorities have implemented such measures as providing teachers with paid leave or traveling expenses, and raising the pay of teachers who have finished longterm in-service training courses. In 1972, the teachers' in-service training system expansion plan, aimed at providing all teachers with paid leave at a rate of one semester for every seven years to enable them to have an opportunity to receive in-service training was announced, but has not beeniimplemented on a nationwide scale as yet.

In France, in-service training programs are promoted by the Ministry of Education. For primary school teachers, 3 out of their 30 standard weekly working hours were designated as hours for joint in-school in-service training in 1969, and the six-year plan, begun in 1972, which is aimed at providing all public primary school' teachers with the chance to receive in-service training, is now under way. In secondary schools, emphasis is placed on in-service training of mathematics teachers, who are required to receive 3-hour in-service training every week for one year.

In the Federal Repujlic of Germany, in-service training of teachers is classified into that for Lehramtsanwdrters (candidates for the teaching profession) and that for qualified teachers. Lehramtsanulrters are obligated to participate in in-service training courses in every state, though the period and type of courses differ from state to state. In-service training programs for qualified teachers have been expanded in recent years both in terms of programs and contents by such means as establishing institutions designed exclusively for in-service training. In-service training through television and radio as well as in universities has also been undertaken.

In the U.S.S.R., 'teachers are obligated to take part every five years in the in-service training courses given at in-service training institutes and universities. Teachers are enabled to attend the in-service training courses by utilizing the vacation period, night hours or correspondence education programs. Those who have finished these courses are accorded the specified certificates by the governments of member Republics concerned.