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The system of certifying students' admission to, promotion in, and graduation from schools in elementary and secondary education in several selected countries is summarized in Table 2-6.

For admission, selection test is given to applicants to upper secondary schools in Japan. In England and Wales, selection tests, such as 11-plus examinations, are given to the applicants to secondary schools in districts where the conventional double-track secondary schools are established, but no selection test is in use in districts where comprehensive schools are established. In France, in admitting applicants both to lower secondary education schools and upper secondary education schools, advice is given by the respective special committees on the departments, courses, etc. to which applicants are to be admitted, and all applicants are admitted without taking any test, unless they reject such advice. In the Federal Republic of Germany, in regard to admission of applicants to the Realschulen (intermediate schools) and Gymnasien (grammar schools) under compulsory secondary education, the system of admitting applicants according to the results of Probeunterricht (test instruction), etc. or on the basis of certification by Grundschulen (primary schools) authorities is presently in use.

With regard to students' promtion to upper grades, any student of the elementary education level and upward, found to have failed to attain a specified scholastic level, is kept in the same class (as a repeater) in France, the Federal Republic of Germany and the U.S.S.R.

As for graduation, in France and the Federal Republic of Germany, students are certified to have finished the course of secondary education when they have passed the examinations to obtain the national government specified qualifications and diploma for the departments and courses in which they are enrolled. In England and Wales, the G.C.E. test (General Certificate of Education examinations) and C.S.E. test (Certificate of Secondary Education examinations) actually serve as a means for certifying their completion of the secondary education course.