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EDUCATIONAL STANDARDS IN JAPAN 1965

PREFACE TO THE ENGLISH VERSION
PREFACE TO THE ORIGINAL VERSION
INTRODUCTION
Information of The Publication
CHAPTER 1. CHAPTER 1. QUANTITATIVE EXPANSIONOF EDUCATION
1. Compulsory Education
(1) Number of Compulsory School Years
(2) Percentage of Enrollment in Compulsory Schools
2. Upper Secondary Education
(1) Percentage of Compulsory School Graduates Entering Upper Secondary School
a. Past Trends
b. Comparison by Prefecture
c. International Comparison
(2) Number of Upper Secondary School Students by Type of Course
(3) Percentage of the Number of Working Youth Enrolled in Educational Institutions
3. Higher Education
(1) Percentage of Upper Secondary School Graduates Entering Institutions of Higher Education
a. Historical Trends
b. Prefectural Comparison
c. International Comparison
(2) Enrollment by Major Field of Study
(3) The Proportion of Female Students
4. Kindergarten Education
5. 5. Educational Level of the People
CHAPTER 2 IMPROVEMENT OF CONTENT OF- EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENTOF ABILITY
1 The System of Education
(1) The Structure of Education
(2) The Length of School Education
(3) Division into Streams or Curricula
2 Curriculums
(1) Fundamental Principles
(2) Teaching Subjects
(3) Number of Teaching Hours
3 Scientific and Technical Education
(1) Mathematics Education in Elementary and Secondary Schools
(2) Science Education in Elementary and Secondary Schools
(3) Vocational Education in Secondary Schools
a Vocational Education in Japan
b Vocational Education in Other Countries
4 Moral Education
(1) Moral Education in Japan
(2) Moral Education in Other Countries
5 Education for International Understanding
6 Teaching Methods
(1) Television
(2) Programed Instruction
(3) Language Laboratory
7 Level of Scholastic Achievement
(1) National Average Scores and Problems of Individual Subjects
(2) The Disparity in Test Results
(3) Educational Conditions Influential on Scholastic Achievement
8 Education Suited to Abilities and Aptitudes
(1) Guidance
(2) Observation of Aptitudes
(3) Placement by Examination
9 Admission Procedures to University
(1) Admission Procedures to University
(2) Improvement of the Admission Procedures to University
CHAPTER 3 SUPPLY OF TEACHERS ANDPROVISION OF SCHOOL FACILITIES
1 Characteristics of the Teaching Staff
(1) Class Size and Allotment of Teachers
a Number of Pupils Per Teacher
b Class Size
c Allotment of Teachers
(2) Characteristics of Teachers
a Qualification of Teachers
b Academic Training of Teachers
c Composition of Teachers by Sex
(3) Working Conditions of Teachers
a Working Conditions of Teachers
b Annuity System for Teachers
(4) Teacher Training Institutions
a Teacher Training Institutions
b Curriculum of Teacher Training Institutions
c Supp1y and Demand for Teachers
(5) In-service Training
2 School Facilities and Equipment
(1) School Facilities
(2) Teaching Materials and Aids
3 Assistance in Encouragement of School Attendance
(1) Measures for Pupils of Needy and Semi-needy Families
(2) Free Provision of School Textbooks to Pupils
(3) Scholarship and Aid to Students
(4) Education in Isolated Area
(5) Special Education
4 Health and Physical Education
(1) Physical Education and Sports
a Facilities for Physical Education in Schools
b Facilities for Community Education
(2) Health Management
a Medical Examination
b Development of Physical Fitness
c Diseases and Other Abnormalities
(3) School Lunch Program
CHAPTER 4 APPROPRIATION OF AND SHARE IN EDUCATIONAL EXPENDITURE
1 Educational Expenditure in the National Economy
(1) National Income and Educational Expenditure
(2) Total Governmental and Public Education Expenditure
2 Distribution of Public Educational Expenditure
(1) Distribution of Educational Expenditure by School Level
(2) Educational Expenditure by Major Categories of Expenditure
(3) Per Student Expenditure in Japan
3 Sources of Support of Education
(1) Governmental Support of Public Education
(2) Parental Contributions to Children's Educational Costs
(3) Relative Proportion of Private School Expenditure
CHAPTER 5 EDUCATIONAL REFORMS IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES AND THE FUTURE EDUCATION IN JAPAN
1 Main Trends of Educational Reforms in Major Countries
(1) General Status of Educational Reforms
(2) Content of Educational Reforms
a Extension of the Length of Compulsory Education
b Determining Ability and Aptitude
c Promotion of Science and Technical Education
d Expansion of Higher Education
2 School Population in Future
(1) Number of Pupils Receiving Compulsory Education
(2) Number of Pupils of the Upper Secondary School Age Group
(3) Population Receiving Higher Education
3 Future Education in Japan
(1) Improvement of School Curriculums
(2) Education Adapted to the Abilities and Aptitudes of Individual Students
(3) Improvement of the System of Entrance Examinations
(4) Promotion of Science and Technical Education
(5) Enrichment of Upper Secondary Education
(6) Increase of Expenditure for Education
(7) Importance of Educational Planning and Role of Education
CHART INDEX
Table 1. Compulsory School Years in Selected Countries
Table 2. Trends toward Extension of Compulsory School Years In Each Country
Table 3. Percentage of Enrollment in Compulsory Schools in Major Countries
Figure 1. Percentage of Compulsory School Graduates Entering Upper Secondary School, 1950-1964
Table 4. Prefecture of Compulsory School Graduates Entering Upper Secondary School, Per Capita Prefectural Income, and of Total Employed Population Engaged in Secondary and Tertiary Industries
Table 5. Percentage of Compulsory School Graduates Entering Upper Secondary School, by Prefecture
Table 6. Percentage of Pupils Continuing Their Study beyond Compulsory School Age in Major Countries
Table 7. Percentage of the Age Group Enrolled in Upper Secondary Schools in Major Countries
Table 8. Increase in Upper Secondary School Enrolment by Course
Figure 2. Upper Secondary Schools Enrolment by Course, 1954-1964
Table 9. Percentage of the Number of Children Aged 15-17 Enrolled in Educational & Training Institutions
Table 10. Percentage of Children beyond Compulsory School Age Who Are Enrolled in Educational and Training Institutions
Figure 3. Enrollment in Institutions of Higher Education, 1934-1964
Table11.Index of Enrollment in Institution of Higher Education
Table 12. Percentage of the Age Group Entering Higher Education
Table 13. Indices of Upper Secondary Graduates Entering Higher Education and Per Capita National Income
Table 14. Percentage of Upper Secondary School Graduates Enrolled in Higher Education, Per Capita Prefectural Income, and Percentage of the Total Employed Population Engaged in Secondary and Tertiary Sectors by Prefecture
Table 15. Percentage of the Age Group Entering Higher Education in Major Countries
Figure 4. University Enrollment by Major Field of Study, 1954-1964.
Table 16. Index of University Enrollment by Major Field of Study
Table 17. Proportion of Female Students in Institutions of High Education
Table 18. Percentage of Female Students Enrolled in Higher Education in Major Countries
Table 19. Percentage of Female Students in Universities and Junior. Colleges in Japan, by Faculty or Department, 1955 and 1964
Figure 5. Percentage of Elementary School Entrants Having Previously Attended Kindergartens, 1950-1964
Table 20. Percentage of Elementary School Entrants Having Previously Attended Kindergartens, by Prefectures
Table 21. Percentage of the Age Group Enrolled in Kindergartens in Major Countries
Table 22. Percentage Distribution of Productive-age Population, by Educational Attainments
Table 23. Percentage Distribution of the Persons 25 Years Old and Over, by Educational Attainments, in Japan and U.S.A.
Table 24. Percentage Distribution of Persons 15 Years Old and Over by Level of Education Completed, Per Capita Prefectural Income and Percentage of Working Population Employed in Secondary and Tertiary Sectors, by Prefecture, 1960
Figure 6. School Systems in Major Countries
Table 25. The Length of Studies in the Elementary and Secondary Schools in Selected Countries
Table 26. The Length of Studies for the Baccalaureate Degree in Institutions or Higher Learning in Selected countries
Figure 7. Differentiation of Curricula in Secondary Education in Major Countries
Table 27. Number of Class-room Periods, Days and Weeks
Table 28. Weekly Time-tables in Major Countries (Sixth Year of time Primary Level)a. Number of Hours Allotted to Each Subject in a Week
Table 28. Weekly Time-tables in Major Countries (Sixth Year of time Primary Level)b. Percentage Distribution of Hours Allocated to Each Subject in a Week
Table 29. Percentage of School Time Devoted to Each Subject in Secondary School in Major Countriesa. Lower Secondary Stage
Table 29. Percentage of School Time Devoted to Each Subject in Secondary School in Major Countriesb. Upper Secondary Stage
Table 30. Comparative Table Showing Extent of Offering Of Separate Classes in Religion and Civics
Table 31. Teaching Aids for Civics Education in European Countries
Table 32. National Average Scores of Elementary and Lower Secondary Schools, by Subject
Figure 8. Distribution of Individual Scores, in Percentages(For the Ninth Grade)
Figure 9. Distribution of Meat School Scores(For the Ninth Grade)
Table 33. Average Scores of Pupils by Type of Community
Table 34.Frequency Distribution of Lower Secondary Schools by Type of Community and by Average Score in English Language Test
Table 35. Stages and Methods of Transfer of Pupils in Four Selected Countries
Figure 10. Guidance Periods in European Countries
Table 36. Most Common Selection Methods and Subjects or Examinations for University Entrance in Six Selected Countries
Figure 11. Pupil-teacher Ratios at Different Levels of School, 1949-1964
Table 37. Number of Pupils Per Teacher in Major Countries
Figure 12. Percentage Distribution of Number of Classes by Size,1958-1964
Table 38. Standard Class-size in Major Countries
Table 39. Percentage Distribution of Classes by Size in Elementary Schools in Japan, Germany and U.K.
Figure 13. Percentage Of Assistant Teachers, 1949-1964
Figure 14. Percentage Distribution of Teachers by Years of Schooling Completed, 1950-1962
Table 40. Trends in Percentage of Women Teachers in Japan
Table 41. Trends in Percentage of Women Teachers in Major Countries
Table 42. Trend of Teachers' Average Salary
Table 43. Retirement Pensions in .Major Countries
Table 44. Teacher Training System in Major Countries
Figure 15. Floor Space Per Pupil in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools, 1949-1963
Table 45. Countries Providing School Textbooks Free to Pupils
Figure 16. Number of Scholarship Loans, 1949-1963
Table 46. Indices of Increase in Numbers and Amounts of Scholarships Granted by the Japan Scholarship Foundation
Table 47. Scholarship Programs in Major Countries
Table 48. Average Educational Conditions of Elementary Schools in Iso1ate Areas in 1963
Table 49. Percentage of Compulsory School Age Children Enrolled in Special Schools and Classes
Figure 17. Enrollments in Special Schools and Classes, 1949-1964
Table 50. Percentage of Compulsory School Age Group Who Are Handicapped, and Percentage of the Handicapped Attending Special Schools and Classes
Table 51. Trends in Percentage of Schools Having Gymnasiums
Table 52. Number of Public Facilities for Community Physical Education and Sports
Table 53. Percentage of Compulsory Level Schools Having Various School Health Services, 1964
Figure 18. Average height and Weight of Pupils Aged 14 1930-1963
Figure 19. Difference in Average Height of Pupils between Different Ages, 1950 and 1963
Table 54. Percentage of Pupils. Suffering Various Diseases and Abnormalities, 1963
Figure 20. Percentages of Elementary School Pupils Suffering Trachoma and of Those Harboring Parasite Eggs, 1949-1962
Figure 21. Percentage of Nearsighted Children, 1949-1963
Figure 22. Percentage of Pupils Benefiting from Lunch and Milk Services, 1958-1964
Table 55. Percentage which Total Amount of Public Education Expenditure Is of Total National Income in Major Countries, 1935-1962
Table 56. Percentage which the Total Amount of Public and Private Education Expenditure is of Total National Income in Japan and the United States of America, 1935-1962
Table 57. Percentage which Public Education Expenditure by Educational Level Is of Total National Income and Percentage Which Enrolment Is of Total Population or Corresponding age Level
Table 58. Percentage which Public Expenditure for Teachers' Salaries and Capital Outlay Are of National Income
Table 59. Percentage Which Public Education Expenditure Is of Total Governmental Expenditure
Table 60. Percentage which Total Public Education Expenditure Is of Total Governmental Expenditure in Major Countries
Table 61. Percentage Distribution of Total Educational Expenditure and Enrollments by School Level
Figure 23. Percentage Distribution of Public School Expenditure by School Level
Table 62. Percentage Distribution of Total Public Educational Expenditures and Enrollments by School Level in Five Countries
Table 63. Trends in Total Educational Expenditure According to Major Categories of Expenditure
Table 64. Trends in the Total Education Expenditures According to Major Categories of Expenditure at Different School Levels
Table 65. Trends in Total Educational Expenditures Per Student
Table 66. Expenditures Per Student Enrolled in Public Educational Establishments in Five Countries.
Table 67. Prefecture and National Averages in Costs Per Pupil Enrolled in Elementary School
Table 68. Percentage Distribution of Public Educational Expenditure by Source, in Three Countries
Table 69. Trends in Percentage Distribution of Public Expenditures for Education by Source, in Japan
Table 70. Percentage Distribution of Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Schools by Source, in the United States
Table 71. Percentage Distribution of Expenditures of Local Education Authorities by Source, in England and Wales
Figure 24. School Education Expenditure Per Pupil Paid by Parents, 1962
Table 72. Parental Expenditures for School Education Per Pupil, 1952-1962
Table 73. Percentages of School Education Costs Borne by National and Local Governments and by Parents, 1952-1962
Table 74. Relation between Parental Expenditures for Education and Their Income
Table 75. Per Pupil Home Education Costs Paid by Parents, 1952-1962
Table 76. Percentage of Private Educational Expenditures and Private School Enrollment
Table 77. Percentages of Private School Expenditure and Private School Enrollment
Figure 25. Actual and Projected Enrolments in Compulsory Education Schools, 1960-1975
Figure 26. Actual and Projected Numbers of Lower Secondary School Graduates and of Upper Secondary School Entrants, 1960-1976
Table 78. Percentage of Lower Secondary School Graduates Entering Upper Secondary Schools
Table 79. Estimated Number of University Applicants and Entrants
APPENDICES
A. Basic Tables
Chapter l Quantitative Expansion of Education
Chapter 2 Improvement of Content of Education and Development of Ability
Chapter 3 Supply of Teachers and Improvemenat of Educational Conditions
Chapter 4 Appropriation of and Share in Educational Expenditure
Chapter 5 Educational Reforms in Different Countries and the Future Education in Japan
B. List of Sources
Chapter 1 Quantitative Expansion of Education
Chapter 2 Improvement of Content of Education and Development of Ability
Chapter 3 Supply of Teachers and Provision of School Facilities
Chapter 4 Appropriation of and Share in Educational Expenditures

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