JAPAN'S GROWTH AND EDUCATION 1963


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JAPAN'S GROWTH AND EDUCATION 1963

PREFACE

INTRODUCTION

Information of The Publication

CHAPTER

. CONTRIBUTIONS OF EDUCATION TO ECONOMIC GROWTH

1. Role of Education in Economic Development in Japan

2. Stock of Education Capital

3. Return from Education

CHAPTER

SPREAD OF EDUCATION AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1. International Comparison by Type of Development

2. Historical Review of Spread of Education in Japan

(1) Outline of Development

a. Development of the School System

b. Economic Growth and Development of Education

(2) Development of Elementary Education and Emphasis on the Training of Leaders

a. Development of Elementary Education and Its Background.

b. Training of Leaders

(3) Spread of Secondary Education and Promotion of Women' Education

a. Spread of Secondary Education and Its Background

b. School Enrollment by Major Field of Study

c. Spread of Women's Education

(4) Systematic Training of Teachers

(5) Expansion of Higher Education

a. Increase in the Enrollment and Its Background

b. Enrollment by Major Field of Study

c. Increase in the Number of Institutions and Their Geographical Distribution

d. Broader Social Distribution of University Students

3. Quantitative Expansion of Education as Indicated by Educational Expenditure

(1) Trends in Educational Expenditure by Level of Education

(2) Trends in Educational Standard of the People as Indicated by Educational Expenditure

4. Extent of the Spread of Education in Japan

(1) Spread of Education at Each Level

(2) Relations between Economic Development and Percentage of Enrollment

CHAPTER

. AIMS AND CONTENTS OF EDUCATION AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1. Educational Patterns and Their New Trend

(1) Educational Goals

a. Extension of the School Years of Compulsory Education

b. Reorganization of Secondary Education

c. Science and Technical Education and Development of Individual Capabilities

d. Importance of General Education

(2) Educational System

2. Historical Development of Educational Goals and Contents in Japan

(1) Educational Goals

(2) Curriculum and Class Hours

a. Types of Curriculum

b. Class Hours

(3) Contents of the Curriculum -Moral Education

a. Textbooks and Teaching Methods

b. The Contents of the Curriculum Prior to the End of World War

c. The Post-war Trend

d. Contents of Education. in Foreign Countries

(4) Quantity and Quality of Teachers

a. Pupil-teacher Ratio

b. Teacher Training Period

c. Qualification of Teachers

(5) Qualitative Development of Education as Indicated by Educational Expenditure

CHAPTER

. MEASURES OF NATIONAL EFFORTAND DISTRIBUTION OF TIRE EDUCATIONALINVESTMENT

1. Per Capita National Income and Percentage of National Income Spent for Education

(1) International Comparison by Different Patterns

(2) Historical Review

2. Educational Expenditures by School Level

(1) International Comparison

(2) Historical Review

3. Sources of Governmental Support of Public Education

(1) International Comparison

(2) Historical Review

(3) Role of Private Schools

CHAPTER

, THE LONG-TERM OVERALL EDUCATIONAL PLANNING--FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF EDUCATIONAL INVESTMENT

1. Necessity and Importance of Long-term Overall Educational Planing

2. Factors to Be Considered in Educational Planning

(1) The Educational Investment in Relation to Socio-economic Planning

(2) Effective Distribution of Educational Investment

a. Extension of Upper Secondary Education

b. Extension of Higher Education

c. Promotion of Science and Technical Education

d. Training of Teachers

e. Improvement of Teaching Contents and Provision of Physical Facilities

f. Improvement of People's Capabilities

(3) Role of the National Government in the Educational Investment

CHART INDEX

Table 1. Trends of National Income, Labor Force, Physical Capital and Educational Capital

Figure 1. Trends of National Income, Labor Force, Physical Capital and Educational Capital

Factors Contributing to the Increase of National Income

the rate of return to university costs is calculated as follows.

Figure 2. Trends in Enrollment, by Level of Education in Selected Countries

Figure 3. Historical Review of the Japanese School System

Figure 4. Percentage Distribution of Enrollment, by Level of Education

Figure 5. Trends in Enrollment in Institutions of Elementary, Secondary and Higher Education

Figure 6. Trends in Percentage of Compulsory School Age Children Enrolled, by Sex

Table 2. National Income Per Capita of Employed Population in the Meiji Era

Table 3. Distribution of Students of University of Tokyo, by Social Status in the Meiji Era

Figure 7. Trends in Enrollment in Secondary Schools, by Sex

Table 4. Increase in Secondary School Enrollment and in Production and Income

Figure 8. Trends in Enrollment in Semi-secondary Schools

Table 5. Percentage of Elementary School Graduates Advancing to Secondary Schools (1)

Table 6. Percentages which Secondary School and Semi-secondary School Enrollments were of Total Population of Corresponding Age

Table 7. Indexes of Employed Population, by Basic Categories of Industry

Figure 9. Trends in Enrollment in Secondary Schools, by Course

Table 8. Percentage of Total Female Population of Corresponding Age Enrolled in Schools of Secondary, Semi-secondary and Higher Levels

Table 9. Percentage Distribution of Female Enrollment in Secondary and Higher Education, by Course

Figure 10. Number of Graduates of Teacher Training Institutions and Number of Pupils and Teachers at Each Level of Education

Figure 11. Trends in Enrollment in Institutions of Higher Education

Table 10. Percentage of Total Population of College Age Enrolled in Institutions of Higher Education and Indexes of Industrial Production and National Income

Figure 12. Trends in Enrollment in Institutions of Higher Education, by Major Field of Study

Figure 13. Percentage Distribution of Students in Institutions of Higher Education, by Group of Major Fields of Study

Table 11. Number of Institutions of Higher Education

Figure 14. Percentage Distribution of Labor Force and Parents of University Students, by Socio-economic Origin

Figure 15. Educational Expenditure and Enrollment at Each Level of Education

Table 12. Cumulative Total Amount of Educational Expenditur

Table 13. Distribution of Productive-age Population, by Level of Education Completed

Figure 16. Percentage Distribution of Productive-age Population, by Level of Education Completed

Table 14. Percentage of Compulsory School Age Population Enrolled

Table 15. Percentage of Compulsory School Graduates Advancing to Post-compulsory Education

Figure 17. Percentage which Enrollment in Institutions of Higher Education is of Total Population of Corresponding Age

Table 16. Number of Students in Institutions of Higher Education Per 10,000 Persons of Total Population (1958-59)

Figure 18. Percentage Distribution of Graduates from Institutions of Higher Education, by Group of Major Fields of Study

Figure 19. Percentage of Population Enrolled and Per Capita Gross National Product, by Age Group

Figure 20. School Systems in Main Countries

Table 17. Number of Years of Elementary Education and of Compulsory Education

Table 18. Number of Years of Secondary Education

Table 19. Normal Age of Admission and Number of Years in Higher Education

Table 20. Numerical and Percentage Distribution of School Hours, by Grouping of Subjects.a. Course of Mechanical Engineeringb. Course of Chemical Engineering

Table 21. Items Dealt with in Textbooks for Moral Education

Table 22.Persons Referred to in Textbooks for Moral Education

tabulation.

tabulation

Table 23. Number of Pupils Per Teacher in Elementary and Secondary Schools

Table 24. Number of Pupils Per Teacher in Japan and Selected Countries

Table 25. Requirements for Admission to and Duration of Schooling of Elementary School Teacher Training Institutions

Table 26. Requirements for Admission to and Duration of Schooling of Secondary School Teacher Training Institutions

Table 27. Composition of Elementary and Secondary School Teachers, by Qualification

Figure 21. Average Total Expenditure Per Pupil, by School Level

Table 28. Public Education Expenses per Pupil of Elementary and Secondary Schools, by Country

Table 29. National Income Per Capita of Total Population and the Percentage of National Income Spent for Public Education

Table 30. Percentage of Total National and Local Public Expenditures Spent for Education

Figure 22. National Income and Public Expenditures for Education, 1885-1960

Figure 23. Percentage of National Income Spent for Public Education,1885-l960

Figure 24- Comparison between Japan and the U.S.A. on Percentages of National Income Spent for Public and Private Education, 1929-1959

Table 31. Percentage of National Income Spent for Public Education in the United Kingdom, German Federal Republic and the U.S.S.R.

Figure 25. Percentage of Total Public Expenditures Spent for Public Education in Japan, 1885-1960

Table 32-a.Percentage Distribution of Total School Expenditures, by School Level in Various Countries

Table 32-b. Percentage Distribution of Total School Enrollment, by School Level in Various Counties

Table 33-a. Percentage Distribution of Total Expenditures for National, Local and Private Schools, by School Level, 1885-1960

Table 33-b. Percentage Distribution of Total Enrollment in National, Local and Private Schools, by School Level, 1885-1960

Table 34-a. Percentages of Total Governmental Support of Pablic Education Contributed by National(1) and Local Governmental Agencies

Table 34-b. Percentages of Total Governmental Support of Education Contributed by National, State and Local Governmental Agencies in Countries Constituting Federations of States

Table 35. Trend in Percentage of Total Governmental Support of Public Education Provided from Central and Local Sources in the United Kingdom (England and Wales), 1910-1956

Table 36. Trend inn Percentage of Total Governmental Support of Public Education Provided from Federal, State and Local Sources in the U.S.A., 1929-1957

Table. 37. Share of Public Expenditures for Education Borne by National and Local Governments, 1881-1960

Table 38. Percentage of Total Public Expenditures Spent for Education at National, Prefectural and Local Levels, 1881-1960

Table 39. Ratio of Private school Expenses to the Total Amount of the National, Local and Private School Expenses, 1905-1960

Table 40. Ratio of Number of Pupils in Private Schools to the Total Number of Pupils in National, Local and Private Schools, 1905-1960

the ratio of the taxes paid in major countries.

Table 41. Percentage Increase in Governmental Expenditure of Japan, the U.S.A., the United Kingdom and the German Federal Republic, 1955-1960

APPENDIX

. The Procedure for Calculating the Effectiveness of the Investment in Education

1. The Method for Calculating the Stock of Educational Capital or the Cumulative Investment in Education, in Japan

(3) Estimates of the Rate of Return on the Educational Investment in Japan

APPENDIX

. Basic Statistics

(1) Statistics for Japan

(2) Statistics for International Comparison

APPENDIX

. List of Selected Reference

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