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CHAPTER . MEASURES OF NATIONAL EFFORTAND DISTRIBUTION OF TIRE EDUCATIONALINVESTMENT

Table 32-a.Percentage Distribution of Total School Expenditures, by School Level in Various Countries

Table 32-a shows the percentage of total expenditures for public and private schools devoted to elementary schools, secondary schools and institutions of higher education in Japan and 14 other countries. Table 32-b shows the percentage distribution of enrollment in schools of each level for the same countries.

Japan spends the lowest percentage of its total school expenditures for elementary education of all the countries listed except the U.S.S.R., the highest percentage of all the countries for secondary education, and, except for the U.S.A. and the U.S.S.R., the highest percentage for higher education. The percentage for elementary education in Asian countries is in general higher and that for higher education lower than those in European countries. From its distribution of educational expenses, Japan is said to be more like European countries, such as, German Federal Republic and Netherlands than Asian countries.

The wider secondary and higher education are diffused, the higher are the ratios of expenses for secondary and higher education. The higher ratios of Japan in international comparison indicate that secondary and higher education are comparatively well diffused in the light of international standards. It should not be overlooked, however, that in Japan higher education is not so well diffused as in the U.S.A. and the U.S.S.R. and thus the ratio of the expenses for higher education is lower than in these two countries. The ratio of the enrollment in higher education to the total enrollment in elementary, secondary and higher education in Japan is 3 percent and the ratio of the expenditures for higher education to the total amount of the expenditures for school education is 13 per cent in this country. While in the United Kingdom, the ratio of expenses for higher education 10 per cent despite the ratio of enrollment of only 1 per cent. Also in Norway, the ratio of the enrollment is as low as that in 'United Kingdom, that is, 1 per cent, while the ratio of expenses is also comparatively high, that is, 7 per cent. In the U.S.A., the ratio of enrollment is the highest in the world, that is; 8 per cent and the ratio of the expenses for higher education is also the highest, that is, 25 per cent. On percentages of total enrollment attending higher schools, Japan is equaled or exceeded by 7 of the 14 other countries, only two of which exceed Japan on percentage of total educationa1 expenditures devoted to higher education. In this country, it is well expected that the ratio of the enrollment at higher education will increase in the future as the secondary education is completed. Therefore, it is desired that tlae higher ratio of educational expenses be allotted to higher education for the improvement of its quality.

Table 32-b. Percentage Distribution of Total School Enrollment, by School Level in Various Counties