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  Industry spends approximately two-thirds of the total R&D expenditures in all selected countries,demonstrating just how large a role private-sector companies play in research and development.Among the selected countries,government research institutions'share of R&D expenditures was highest in France (Figure2-1-8) .

  In the selected countries,the trends in real R&D expenditures by type of organization reveals that industry has contributed the most greatly in all countries to growth in R&D expenditures (Figure2-1-9) .

  In Japan,a look at the contribution by type of organization to year-on-year growth of R&D expenditures(in real terms)shows that R&D expenses at private companies have a large effect on trends in Japan's R&D expenses.For the degree of contribution,private companies made a positive contribution from FY1995 to FY1998,but then fell into a negative contribution for FY1999.Private companies returned to a positive contribution in FY2000 (Figure2-1-10) .

Figure2-1-8Share of R&D expenditures by performance sector in selected countries

Figure2-1-9 R&D expenditure growth(in real terms)by sector in selected countries

Figure2-1-10 The contribution by organization to the year-on-year growth rate in Japan's real R&D expenditures