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Home > Policy > White Paper, Notice, Announcement > White Paper > JAPANESE GOVERMENT POLICIES IN EDUCATION, SCIENCE, SPORTS AND CULTURE 1995 > University Reform in Other Countries 6 (3)

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University Reform in Other Countries
6. China
(3) Transition to Diversified Management and Funding by Local Goverments and Enterprises


In the past institutions of higher education were administered and funded by central government ministries and commissions and by local governments. The shift to a socialist market economy has brought about change, especially in the role of the central government, which no longer administers institutions' activities directly. The transition has also highlighted inefficiencies resulting from such factors as the existence of small-scale universities and the duplication and subdivision of majors.

These problems have led to the reform of traditional systems, including a shift from central administration to local administration or to joint central and local administration and funding. There has also been a shift to diversified management and funding systems, including participation by enterprises in university management, closer cooperation among institutions of higher education, and the consolidation or merger of institutions. This trend has accelerated since 1994, and plans call for completion of the process by the year 2000 or shortly thereafter.

Other reforms include the introduction of a new appointment and payment system for teachers, based on ability and performance, in the latter half of the 1980s. In addition, in 1992 the government approved the establishment of private institutions of higher education, and seven had been established by the end of 1994.


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