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CHAPTER SUFFICIENCY OF TEACHING STAFFAND PROVISION OF SCHOOL FACILITIES

In Japan the Ministry of Education, prefectural boards of education and municipal boards of education are cooperating to establish a suitable network of guidance for teachers. There are teacher consultants in the boards of education in charge of advising teachers on professional affairs in school education. The number of consultants is increasing every year. The educational research institutes in roost of the prefectures play an important role in terms of teacher's in-service training by giving instruction to teachers conducting experimental training and practical lessons.

Furthermore, the Ministry of Education and prefectural boards of education publish and distribute guidebooks as a means of in-service training for teachers.

Table 56. Teacher Consultants (Full-Time) in Boards of Education

In other major countries, as was seen above; various schemes of in-service training play an important role in the improvement of teachers' qualifications. In addition, administrative inspection is well developed in these countries. In the United States there are about 21,000 counselors in the states and local boards of education. The counselors give guidance and advice to teachers on educational methods or on subject content and sometimes they are in charge of the evaluation of teachers.

In England and Wales there are about 500 H.M. Inspectors, and they have responsibilities as divisional inspectors or as staff inspectors. Local authorities may, and the larger ones invariably do, appoint their own inspectors. The H.M. Inspectors and the local inspectors give guidance and advice to the schools in accordance with the basic directions of the Department of Education and Science and the local educational authorities. While there are no written curriculum standards in England and Wales, the inspectorate plays the practical role of standardizing educational contents and methods. In France the guidance' and supervision of teachers is administrated under a centralized inspectorate. At the national level there is an inspector in the Ministry of Education who has responsibilities varying according to school level and subject. In local administrative districts inspectors are also appointed. The evaluation of teachers' achievements and their guidance is administered under the inspectorate. In Germany guidance and evaluation are undertaken by inspectors of the local educational authorities. In the U.S.S.R. there is an established, inspectorate in each Republic and inspectors of the Republic's Ministry of Education supervise local inspectors in counties or local districts and cities.