（前略）
ロゴジン副首相：
国際宇宙ステーション（ISS）に関しては、これは非常にセンシティブなテーマである。我々を驚かせたのは、米国が、ISS を除き、ロシア連邦宇宙局との全分野における協力を縮小する用意があるということだ。つまり、彼らは自ら関心をもっていることはそのままにし、関心がより少ないことは危険にさらす用意がある。ISS は、事実上も象徴的にも、とてももろいテーマであるとも我々は理解している。有人宇宙飛行、宇宙飛行士の命に関わることであり、したがって我々もここでは極めてプラグマティックに振る舞うだろうし、ISS の運用にいかようにも阻害しないであろう。他方で、米露の宇宙飛行士をISS に送り届けられる輸送手段を開発するロシア産業を排除するシステム（訳者注：米国の対露制裁を指していると思われる）を設け、我々（ロシア）と我々の産業を難しくしていることを考慮しなければならない。ここで極めて明らかなのは、これは米の論理的な不一致である。つまり、彼らは輸送手段と退避手段に障害を設けている一方、ISS に手をつけてはならないと考えていることである。米国の同僚からは、ISS の運用期限を2024年まで延長したいと伝えてきた。しかし、現在、ロスコスモスやロシア科学アカデミー、ロシア先端研究プロジェクト基金を含む我々の同僚は、2020年以降のロシアの宇宙プログラムの更なる発展に関するある種の新しい長期的・戦略的な提案する用意がある。
我々はISS を2020年まで利用する予定である。（We plan to use the ISS exactly up to 2020.）
（中略）
（記者質問）
Q.イタルタス通信：
ロゴジン副首相、確認のために質問したい。あなたは、米国はISS を2024年まで延長することを望んでいるとおっしゃったが、その上で、ISS に関して個人的なビジョンがあり、2020年まではISS は運用し続けるとおっしゃった。それ以降はどうなるのか。
A.ロゴジン副首相：
私が間違っていたらオスタペンコ長官が訂正してくれるだろうが、ロシアの宇宙プログラムの全予算の三分の一が有人宇宙飛行、つまりISS 関係である。これは莫大な金額であり、国民の税金である。我々は先のこと、地平線の向こうについて考えたい。実際のところ、今日の有人宇宙探査は、2つの切り離せない部分からなっており、それは米と露のものである。さらに、ロスコスモスの専門家によると、ロシア政府にも報告したのだが、ロシア部分は（あなた方は少し驚くかもしれないが）米部分に依存せずに存在することができるが、米部分はロシア部分に依存しないでは存在できないのである。これはISS ならではの特徴である。
第二に、今後数年間は、ロシアのロケットがISS へ宇宙飛行士を送り届ける唯一の輸送手段であり続ける。米にはこのような輸送手段はなく、したがってISS の運用延長については、米露相互的なものではあるが、米国のロシアに対する依存の方が大きいのである。ロシアとしては、我々はISS に対してプラグマティックに対応しなければならない。我々が、直接的及び間接的にいかなる利益をISS から得ているか、いかなる科学プログラムをそこで実施できるか、ロシアの宇宙飛行士がISS で何に従事しているか、ISS の費用対効果はどうなのか、我々は理解しなければならない。
この観点から、我々はロスコスモスが進める仕事に敬意をもっている。ロスコスモスは、近々、より正確に言うと夏に、ロシア政府に対して、近宇宙と深宇宙での有望な宇宙探査プロジェクトについて新しい計画が提示されると報告した。オスタペンコ長官は先端研究基金と協力してこれらのプロジェクトを進めている。2020年以降は、我々はこれらの知的・生産的リソースをより有望な宇宙プロジェクトの実施に充てたい。おそらく、それら（新プロジェクト）はロシアのみのものではなく、国際的なプロジェクトとなる可能性もあるが、パートナーを誰にし、今後誰と近宇宙及び深宇宙に一緒に進んでいくかは我々が自ら決める。
（後略）
＜ロシア政府ホームページより＞
Briefing by Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin and Head of the Federal Space Agency Oleg Ostapenko on international space cooperation
13 May 2014 18:30
Transcript:
Dmitry Rogozin: Good afternoon. Our meeting today concerns certain issues related to nternational cooperation in the rocket and space industry and individual space services, for instance, navigation. These issues are related primarily to the US policy of imposing sanctions on Russia, including in such a sensitive sphere as space cooperation.
We've repeatedly warned our colleagues at the political and professional levels （via the Federal Space Agency） that sanctions are always a boomerang. They always come back around and are simply inappropriate in such sensitive spheres as cooperation in space exploration, production of spacecraft engines, and navigation, not to mention manned space flights. Sanctions are like releasing a bull in a china shop. That said, we've always built Russian policy on the following logic– a statement in response to a statement and a reaction following an action.
Today we are facing a number of problems that will be described in detail by Head of the Federal Space Agency Oleg Ostapenko. I'll briefly mention them. The first problem is the refusal to host GLONASS infrastructure stations on US territory despite the presence of 11 GPS receiving stations in 10 Russian regions. Several months have passed but we are still in a stalemate, so this is now an issue of proportion and reciprocity.
Secondly, as you know, certain actions have been taken to prevent Russia from receiving spacecraft that are supposed to be launched with Russian rockets under the pretext that these spacecraft, including EU-made ones, contain US electronics. So these spacecraft were not cleared for delivery under this pretext despite the signed contracts. This policy is creating economic difficulties for the Russian producers of launch vehicles.
The third point is an important one. For many years, since the mid '90s, we've supplied the United States with rocket engines for launches to the International Space Station in accordance with agreements of the Russian and US governments. I'm referring to the NK-33 engines produced by the Kuznetsov company in Samara. This is not a new engine – it was designed in the early 1970s for the Soviet lunar programme that was suspended. These absolutely fail-safe and reliable engines are being supplied to the United States.
The Energomash Plant has been supplying RD-180 engines for launches, including those in which the US Government is involved. Delivery of these engines has beenstable recently.
The Russian rocket engine industry was receiving the funds it needs to upgrade its production and conduct R&D, but we've recently received information that purchases, at least of RD-180 engines, are most likely to be discontinued.
In this context, the Government and the Federal Space Agency have taken certain steps to warn our partners about potential reciprocal action. Now Mr Ostapenko will tell us about his contacts with American and European colleagues. Go ahead please.
Oleg Ostapenko: Yes, thank you. We have five major areas of space cooperation. First, there is the International Space Station. We agreed from the very start that this area will remain unchanged, and therefore it is immune to sanctions. As Mr Rogozin has said, these are also supplies of RD-180 and NK-33 engines; spacecraft launch services; the GPS/GLONASS project and long-term research programmes.
With regard to these areas, the initial response of the United States was fairly categorical. However, we cannot just be onlookers. We have identified appropriate steps with regard to the United States that will offset the problems that we may have with regard to our programmes... We can resolve the problems that confront us. Concerning these actions, we tried to arrange our work so as to meet all our commitments, which we have successfully done so far. As for RD-180 and NK-33, the initial goal was to stop buying these engines from us.
As we are aware, not everything is working out well for our, if I may put it this way, colleagues from the United States, who can and needed to address their issues using this engine. Indeed, this engine was developed a long time ago, but it still holds a lot of promise and is upgradeable, and has very good potential.
We believe we can begin to build it in Russia, but at the same time the issue has to do with us not being able to launch production or use these engines in the United States... Rather, we don't want them to be able to use it for military purposes, as we are often limited in terms of providing launching services with regard to spacecraft launches for peaceful purposes only, as for dual purpose technology, not everything is clear here. Thus, with regard to the NK-33 and RD-180 engines we are striving for parity in resolving the problem.
I recently spoke with Head of NASA Charles Bolden about launch services. Our conversation was fairly constructive, and he came to the conclusion that approaching this issue from the position of dictates was inappropriate and wrong. As a result of this work, the embargo on shipping engines has been lifted. We are ready to supply theseengines to the United States, but under the condition that they are not to be used for launching military spacecraft.
With regard to launching spacecraft for commercial purposes using Proton boosters, all licenses for 2014 have been issued. This area holds promise for us in 2014, and we are now holding talks about 2015-2016.
With regard to cooperation on GLONASS and GPS and installing GLONASS stations across the United States, the United States has given us a verbal agreement to consider the installation of these stations in the United States. We have submitted the relevant documents to have this issue considered. If we fail to reach a constructive decision inthis regard, we will, of course, take appropriate measures concerning the US stations onour territory. That's all I have to say about our work in this area as of today.
As for promising areas of research, we had talks with the leadership of the European Space Agency and NASA ... They assure us that the programmes will not be curtailed, and we hope that this work will continue. That's how things stand today.
Dmitry Rogozin: As for navigation services, I would like to provide you with some information for easy reference. This concerns the following science and technological cooperation agreements between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the United States, including the agreement of 16 December 1993 that was extended until 15 December 2015, as well as the 15 September 2011 agreement on exchanging seismological and geodynamic data between the Geophysical Service of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the IRIS consortium. As I mentioned, GPS infrastructure stations are located in some Russian regions, including the KalugaRegion, the Sverdlovsk Region, the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the Sakha Yakutia Republic （Tiksi and Yakutsk）, Irkutsk, Magadan, the Chukotka Autonomous Area, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, under these agreements. Over the past few months, we have failed to make any headway during negotiations on siting a similar GLONASS infrastructure in the United States, but we still have time to resolve this issue until 31 May. From 1 June, we'll suspend the operation of these GPS stations in the Russian Federation. The Federal Space Agency, the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs have established a working group. We're launching three-month negotiations with the United States, and we expect to complete them by the end of the summer. We hope that solutions to resume this cooperation based on parity and mutual balance will be found during these negotiations. Otherwise these stations will completely stop operating from 1 September. I'd also like to say that, according to a survey of the Federal Space Agency, Russian civilian GPS users will notbe affected. Therefore, to be honest, this will not affect the quality of navigation services in any way. Nevertheless, it is our opinion that we can wait no more.
As for the International Space Station （ISS）, this is an extremely sensitive issue. We were somewhat surprised, if not amused, by the fact that the United States is prepared to reduce cooperation in every area with the Russian Federal Space Agency, except the ISS. Basically the US wants to keep those areas it's interested in, but it's ready to take its chances in other areas that are less interesting for them. We also realise that the ISS is quite fragile, both literally and figuratively. This concerns manned space missions and the life of the astronauts, and we'll therefore proceed extremely pragmatically and will not hamper the operation of the ISS in any way. However, it should be kept in mind that, by creating problems for us, for the Russian industry developing launch vehicles that can fly Russian cosmonauts and US astronauts to the ISS ... It is absolutely obvious that this is some kind of logical inconsistency on the part of the United States. The US creates obstacles with regard to launch vehicles and evacuation systems. But at the same time, it believes that the ISS should not be tampered with. Our US colleagues have told us that they would like to extend the ISS' operation deadline until 2024. But the Russian Federal Space Agency and our colleagues, including the Academy of Sciences and the Russian Foundation for Advanced Research Projects are now ready to make some new long-term strategic proposals linked with the subsequent development of the Russian space programme after 2020. We plan to use the ISS exactly up to 2020.
Speaking of the unhealthy situation around the RD-180 rocket engines, it is very hard to draw a line because the United States is so afraid to cooperate with us on potential dual-purpose projects, and, if you will excuse me, every current spacecraft basically has dual-purpose defence-related and civilian implications, and this also concerns communications, remote sensing satellites and a lot more... Nevertheless, we are listening to the position of our US colleagues. I would like to confirm the statement made by Mr Ostapenko and to say that, indeed, we will proceed from the fact that we can no longer deliver these engines to the United States, and that we can no longer maintain and repair previously shipped engines, unless we receive guarantees that our engines are used only for launching civilian payloads. We need these guarantees. It would be strange if Russian money and brains were used for launching military payloads that would help in various unclear space projects.
So, this is basically all we wanted to tell you. As you can see, we are taking cautioussteps, and as I said, we have responded with a statement to a statement. But we'll respond with actions to actions. On the whole, the Military-Industrial Commission, the Government of the Russian Federation and the Russian Federal Space Agency, as well as the concerned departments of the Academy of Sciences, are discussing this issue. We find it very alarming to continue expanding serious high-tech projects with such an unreliable partner as the United States that politicises everything, and which is ready to risk serious issues influencing the interests of all of humankind, and not just the United States. In this context, the Government of the Russian Federation has instructed the Federal Space Agency to expand
its cooperation with our partners in the Asia-Pacific Region and to search for viable projects, as regards near-Earth space and deep space exploration with them. Thank you.
Question: Mr Rogozin, are you considering a different option where by Russia will itself impose sanctions or take preventive measures, so that instead of reacting, it will be the one initiating refusals or suspensions? Is this a viable option in this context?
Dmitry Rogozin: We won't initiate sanctions for the simple reason I mentioned –sanctions are counterproductive and unhealthy, especially in high technology. We understand that every job created in the domestic rocket and space industry automatically creates nine jobs in related industries. So for us this is an issue of employment and development. You know what efforts the Government, the rocket and space industry and the Federal Space Agency have made to overcome the setbacks that plagued us in the last few years. We've begun the process of forming the United Rocket and Space Corporation with the President's support. Right now we're doing the necessary paperwork.
So for us, the language of sanctions is absolutely inappropriate and inopportune. Sanctions are not on our list; we have enough problems of our own. So we'll try to do our best to avoid becoming a bull in a china shop. In fact we're going to wrap the fragile china in paper and soft fabric to keep it from getting smashed by the bull. That is what we are going to do. We certainly won't make the bad situation being delliberately created by Washington even worse. This isn't about responding to military threats in outer space, of course; this is a different matter, for another kind of audience. Rather, it's about parrying threats, including prospective ones, related to anti-missile defence and our aerospace defence programmes. Not to mention civilian space exploration. We're going to act with utmost care. What we've just said comes down to bringing about a respectful attitude toward us, our industry, and the interests that define our nation's high-tech image.
GLONASS is not something we should stay quiet about. We have a nationwide network of stations providing the necessary data thanks to our years-long collaboration with the Academy of Sciences, so it is hard to take seriously claims that our stations – none of which are on US soil as yet – will be intelligence-oriented. And what have they been doing here for all these years, since 1993 ? That's a good question, isn't it? So we should be wise and fair...
Question: ITAR TASS. Mr Rogizin, I would like to clarify something. You said the US is in favour of extending the International Space Station to 2024. But you also said you have a personal vision for that project, according to which the station will remain operational until 2020. But what will come after?
Dmitri Rogozin: Mr Ostapenko will correct me if I'm wrong, but I think about one third of our total space programme budget goes to manned space exploration – the ISS, that is.It's a huge amount of money, of taxpayer money. We'd like to look ahead, beyond the horizon. As a matter of fact, manned space exploration, as we know it today, involves two inseparable segments – American and Russian. Specialists from the Russian Space Agency will confirm, as they've reported to the Government, that the Russian segment –strange as it may seem – is capable of operating independently from the US, but not vice versa. That's a feature specific to the station.
Second, Russian rockets will remain the only means of delivering astronauts to the International Space Station for the next few years. The United States has no such spacecraft, and so dependence on Russia for extending the work of the ISS, although mutual, is larger for the United States. As for Russia, we should adopt a very pragmaticattitude. We must determine our direct and indirect gains from the ISS, the research projects we can implement there, what our cosmonauts would do at the station, and the benefit-cost ratio.
So, we respect the work of the Federal Space Agency in this sphere. It has reported that in the near future, or more precisely this summer, it would forward new plans to the Government for prospective exploration projects in near and outer space. Mr Ostapenko is working on these projects in cooperation with the Advanced Research Foundation. After 2020, we'd like to use these and the intellectual and production resources for the implementation of more forward-looking space projects. These could even be international projects, but it would be us who would choose our partners and decide with whom to cooperate in near and outer space exploration.
Question: Interfax. Mr Ostapenko, you said Russia would carry out all the planned commercial spacecraft launches in 2014. Has anything changed ? Are there any problems with foreign spacecraft launches ?
Oleg Ostapenko: There were some obstacles, because launch licences had not been issued for 2014, 2015 and 2016. As of now, the licences for 2014 have been issued. What is our reasoning? We do have licences for spacecraft launches in 2014. But considering that our partner is not reliable, as Mr Rogozin has said, we are also considering the worst case scenarios. We will keep working in Russia to resolve this issue, and we will also carry on our cooperation with NASA and the European Space Agency.
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