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Home > Policy > White Paper, Notice, Announcement > White Paper > JAPAMESE GOVERNMENT POLICIES IN EDUCATION,SCIENCE AND CULTURE 1990 > PART1 Chapter4 1 4

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PART 1 Issues and Perspectives ofHigher Education
Chapter 4 Higher Education in Other Countries
1 Overview
4 Aid to Students


In all the selected countries there are a variety of programs for assisting students with their learning and daily living. Among these programs scholarship schemes are well developed in all the countries.

The types of scholarship scheme adopted in the five countries can be summarized as follows: 1) grant schemes in France and the U.S.S.R.; and 2) both grants and loans in the United States and West Germany. In West Germany, a half of the total amount aided is provided in the form of grants and the other half in the form of loans. In the United Kingdom, student aid schemes had been provided only in the form of grants until 1990, when the Government decided to introduce loans partially, because student grants constituted substantial financial burdens on the Government in helping expand higher education.

Regarding the proportion of students benefiting from scholarship schemes and the type of organ providing scholarships, in the United Kingdom, scholarships are granted to all undergraduate students, other than foreign nationals, who wish to be assisted. In the U.S.S.R., all students, except for those whose academic performance is poor, are in principle provided scholarships by the Union, Republic or local governments. In the United States, scholarships are offered not only by the Federal and State governments but also by individual universities. The number of students benefiting from some scholarship scheme accounts for 45.5% (as of 1986) of all students, including part-time students, and the number of students benefiting from Federal scholarships accounts for 34.9% (as of the same year). In West Germany, nearly 30% of all higher education students are provided with scholarships supported by the Federal and Linder governments. (In 1990 scholarships were shifted from loans to a combination of loans and grants. Each student is provided with a scholarship, half of which is given in the form of a grant and the other half in the form of a loan.) In France, about 15% of students are offered grants by the government.


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