b. Specialized Schools and Private Schools

The Specialized School Order did little to alter the character of the previously existing government specialized schools, but private specialized schools changed radically as a result. In those days there was no legal provision for a university other than the 1886 Imperial University Order, and specialized schools were clearly a distinct type. Hence private institutions could not be recognized as universities, but in 1903, the Minister of Education authorized those specialized schools having a preparatory course of at least one and a half years to use the term "university" in their names. Over the next several years, a number of private specialized schools with a name of "universtty were approved according to the Specialized School Order, including Keio Gijuku, which had already established a "university department" (daigakubu) in 1890, Waseda, Tokyo Hogakuin (later Chuo) and others. Of course, even though these schools called themselves universities, they had been founded as specialized schools and were not considered to have the same stature as Imperial Universities. The appellation of university signified their desire to provide educational facilities of a broader nature than the other specialized schools.

In 1903 there were 39 ordinary specialized schools and eight vocational specialized schools for a total of 47, and by 19l0 there were 62 ordinary specialized schools and seventeen vocational specialized schools for a total of 79. The number of students advanced from 22,445 to 32,969 of whom 969 were women.

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