Japan, being short of natural resources, was quickly rebuilt after the devastation from World War , and has attained today's prosperity by grace of the important role of science and technology. Today, science and technology penetrates into every aspect of society and it is no exaggeration to say that our daily lives could not be accomplished without science and technology. Keeping this in mind, what role should science and technology play in the society to come?
 In the 21st century, being called the "Century of Knowledge," as our nation will have to cope with the existing global environmental problems and the progressively aging society along with a decrease in the number of children, and as our nation will continue to achieve sustainable development in the midst of intensifying international competition, the role of science and technology will likely become even more important.
 In March 2006, the Third Science and Technology Basic Plan, which keeps the basic tenet of "science and technology to be supported by the public and to benefit society," was adopted by the Cabinet Council Meeting. Under the Basic Plan, the total amount of government investment in research and development is targeted to be about 25 trillion yen over a five year period starting from fiscal year 2006. However, under the critical financial conditions of Japan, it is crucial for the Government to obtain the support and understanding of all citizens in order to steadily advance science and technology policy and promote science and technology.
 This White Paper on Science and Technology, therefore, presents the current situation and roles to which science and technology should correspond from the perspective of the problems that confront our society, i.e., the declining population and an aging society along with fewer children, and for establishing a vital and abundant society responding to the expectations of all people. In addition, the White Paper aims to be an often-used visual reference to be kept at hand.
 I hope that this document will help the Japanese people to deepen understanding on science and technology policy as well as to feel more familiar with science and technology.

June 2006