a. The Exchange of Researchers and Teachers

International exchange in both scientific and cultural fields progressed in the years after World War 2 to a degree unheard of in the prewar period. Exchanges between Japan and the United States reached an all-time high during the Occupation period when between 1949 and 1951 alone more than 1,000teachers and scholars were sent to the United States under the Government Account for Relief in Occupied Area (GARIOA)program set up by that country. This program also provided for an increase in the number of American scholars, educators and others who visited Japan.

Following the effectuation of the Peace Treaty in 1952, the GARIOA program was replaced by an exchange program authorized in the Fulbright Act. In addition, new channels for exchange were created with the founding of the Japan - United States Committee on Scientific Cooperation in December, 1961, and the Japan - United States Conference on Cultural and Educational Interchange (CULCON) in January, 1963. Through these various programs, the exchange of persons ,language training programs, and cooperation between universities have been greatly enhanced. By 1971, the number of Japanese researchers and teachers sent to the United States under the Fulbright program has exceeded 4,000; the number of persons connected with education who came from the United States to Japan has totaled 778. In the case of countries other than the United States, cultural agreements were signed with France in 1953 and successively with Italy, Mexico, Thailand, India, West Germany, the United Arab Republic, Iran, Pakistan, the United Kingdom, Brazil, Yugoslavia, and Afghanistan. Where cultural agreements have not been concluded by 1971 other means of increasing the mutual exchange of persons are often found, as, for example, an exchange of scholars and researchers plan between Japan and the Soviet Union concluded in February, 1966.

Against this background, a system of accepting foreign researchers on a rotating basis was instituted in 1959 under the auspices of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. In addition, the program of sending scholars abroad for study who would later teach in the national universities had been stopped during the war, but was reinstituted on an expanded scale in1950. A new program was established in 1959 to send elementary, lower and upper secondary school teachers abroad to inspect foreign educational systems and thereby gain a broader perspective on their work. By 1971, some 1687 teachers have been sent abroad under this program. Other instances of international exchange on a somewhat smaller scale include the sending of leaders in the field of social education abroad since 1956 and a similar program for leading women which has been 111 effect since 1960.

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