(3)The Spread of Specialized Schools

During the Taisho and Showa eras up to World War 2 the most significant change to come about in specialized schools was the increase in their number, and especially the period from 1919 following the formation of the six-year plan mentioned above to 1940 saw the expansion of each of government, local public, and private institutions. As government institutions Osaka School of Foreign Languages, Toyama and Kumamoto Pharmaceutical Specialized Schools, the Meteorological Training Institute and Tokyo Higher Dental School were established from 1920 to 1928, earlier in this period. Seven prefectural specialized schools and one municipal specialized school came into existence from 1921 to 1931: Among these were six prefectural women's specialized schools located at Fukuoka, Osaka, Miyagi, Kyoto, Hiroshima and Nagano. From 1919 to 1940, 62 private institutions were established. Among these the largest number were devoted to literature and home economics (26 schools), next medicine and dentistry with thirteen schools, pharmaceutics with eleven schools, law and economics with four schools, religion with three schools, physical education with two schools, and finally foreign languages, art, and music with one school each. Out of the 62 private schools, 33 were for women. In 1920 there were 74 specialized schools (eight government, four local public, and 62 private) with a total enrollment of 39,835. By 1940 the figures had risen to 121 schools (eight government, nine local public and 104 private) with an enrollment of 98,967 students. The increase in female students was from 2 747 to 23 710. In those years the specialized divisions (senmonbu) of universities were, for legal purposes, handled in the same manner as specialized schools. First, they had been attached to Imperial Universities, such as the Medical Specialized Division and the Engineering Specialized Division of Tohoku Imperial University, and the Civil Engineering Specialized Division and the Fisheries Specialized Division of Hokkaido Imperial University, to mention the most outstanding examples; and later, the Commercial Specialized Division of Tokyo Commercial University. However, following the University Order, the majority of the specialized divisions were attached to the newly upgraded private universities. After the end of World War 2 there were 21 of these schools. Also due to the increase in the demand for training in medicine, in May, 1939, provisional medical specialized divisions were set up within each of the Imperial Universities as well as the government medical universities.

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