a. Criticism Directed toward the 1879 Education Order

The unusual degree of latitude allowed to local governments by the 1879 Education Order occasioned much consternation in the world of education; many felt that the government had permitted to great a measure of self-determination in educational matters, while the Order was intended to allow local leaders to develop program consistent with their communities' needs as in the United States. The practical application of this program in Japan resulted in an immediate deterioration of the elementary school system. School attendance quickly dropped in certain areas, and in other areas schools were closed for lack of funds or construction was halted on half-completed school buildings. All of this fueled the growing controversy over the 1879 Education Order. While the 1879 Education Order had constituted a serious response to the wasteful and burdensome aspects of the Education System Order, these controversies endangered the effectiveness of the government's educational program. As a result, Deputy Secretary of Education Tanaka Fujimaro left the Department in March, 1880, and became the Secretary of Justice - a far cry from the administration of educational matters in which he had been involved since the early Restoration days. Prior to this, in February of that year Kono Togama (1844-1895) was appointed the new Secretary of Education replacing Terashima Munenori.

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