Home > Policy > White Paper, Notice, Announcement > White Paper > JAPANESE GOVERMENT POLICIES IN EDUCATION, SCIENCE, SPORTS AND CULTURE 1995 > University Reform in Other Countries 3 (2)

Undergraduate university faculties are divided into the first cycle (two years) and the second cycle (one to two years). Specialized education begins in the first cycle. Faced with a dramatic increase in the student population in the first cycle and the diversification of students' scholastic ability and reasons for study, the authorities have implemented the following measures with the aims of facilitating advancement to the second cycle and of assisting study.

1. Easing of advancement requirements

:Formerly it was necessary to obtain passing marks in all subjects in order to complete the first cycle. Under the new system students are allowed to advance to the second cycle even if they have not gained passing marks in all subjects, provided that their overall score meets the required standard.

2. Establishment of a tutorial system

:This system was created to assist students with their studies through the appointment of tutors, such as graduate students, who provide guidance in such matters as study methods and choice of subjects.

3. Increased emphasis on general education

:The emphasis placed on general education in the first term of the first year has been increased. This measure is designed to enable students to make intelligent decisions about the specialized fields in which they are interested.