EDUCATIONAL STANDARDS IN JAPAN 1971


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EDUCATIONAL STANDARDS IN JAPAN 1971

PREFACE TO THE ENGLISH VERSION

PREFACE TO THE ORIGINAL VERSION

INTRODUCTION

Information of The Publication

CHAPTER

. EXPANSION OF EDUCATIONALOPPORTUNITIES

1 The Structure of School Education

2 Pre-School Education

(1) Quantitative Status of Pre-School Education

(2) Social Demand for Pre-School Education

(3) International Comparison

3 Compulsory Education

(l) The Length of Compulsory Education

(2) Enrollment Ratios at the Level of Compulsory Education

(3) Education for Mentally and/or Physically Handicapped Children

(4) Education for the Children of Overseas Residents

4 Upper Secondary Education

(1 ) Quantitative Status of Upper Secondary Schools

(2) Number of Upper Secondary School Students by Type of Enrollment and by Course

a. Number of Students by Type of Enrollment

b. Number of Upper Secondary Schools by Course

(3) International Comparison

5 Higher Education

(1) Quantitative Status of Universities and Junior Colleges

a. Annual Changes in the Number of Entrants

b. Annual Changes in Enrollment

c. Enrollment by Faculty or Department

d. Proportion of Female Students

e. Imitational Comparison

(2) Quantitative Status of Technical Colleges

Quantitative Status of Technical Colleges

(3) Quantitative Status of Graduate Schools

(4) Problems in Higher Education

(5) Foreign Students

6 Educational Attainments of the People

7 Opportunities for Education and Training Other Than School Education

(1) Opportunities for Out-of-School Education

(2) Miscellaneous Schools

(3) Other Types of Education and Training

(4) Adult Education in Various Major Countries

CHAPTER

. IMPROVEMENT OF EDUCATIONAL CONTENT AND METHOD

1 Maintenance, Improvement and Diversification of Educational Content

(1) Curriculum

a. Development of Curriculum

b. Teaching Areas and Subjects

c. Teaching Hours

d. Differentiation of Courses and Diversification of Curriculum Content

(2) Textbooks

a. Textbooks in Japan

b. Textbook Systems in Various Major Countries

(3) International Comparison of Educational Attainment (Arithmetic and Mathematics)

a. International Comparison of Educational Content in Arithmetic and Mathematics

b. International Study of Educational Attainment in Mathematics

(4) Education in Foreign Languages

(5) Extra-Curricular Activities

2 Improvement of Teaching Methods

(l) Introduction of Teaching Machines

(2) Improvements of Teaching and Learning Organizations

3 Pupil Guidance

(1) Pupil Guidance in Japan

a. Scope of Pupil Guidance

b. Orientation, Vocational Guidance and the Careers of Lower and Upper Secondary School Graduates

(2) Pupil Guidance in Various Major Countries

4 School Health and School Lunch Programs

(l) Physical Features, Physical Strength and Athletic Abilities of Pupils

a. Physical Features of Pupils

b. Physical strength and athletic abilities of pupils

(2) School Health and School Safety

a. Health and Safety Services

b. Diseases and Other Abnormalities of Pupils

c. Health Administration in Various Major Countries

(3) School Lunch Programs

a. Present Status of School Lunch Programs in Japan

b. Present Status of School Lunch Programs in Various Major Countries

5 Admission Procedures

(l) Access to Institutions of Secondary Education

(2) Access to Higher Education

6 Diversification and Upgrading of the Content and Method of Social Education

CHAPTER

SUFFICIENCY OF TEACHING STAFFAND PROVISION OF SCHOOL FACILITIES

1 Supply of Teaching Staff and Working Condition of Teachers

(l) Class Size and Quota of Teachers

a. Standards for Class Size

b. Quota of Teachers

c. Number of Pupils per Teacher

(2) Composition of Teaching Staff

a. Classification of Teachers and Their Duties

b. Composition of Teachers by Qualification, Academic Background and Age

c. Composition of Teachers by Sex

(3) Working Conditions of Teachers

a. Salary System of Teachers

b. Salary Standard of Teachers

c. Welfare Services for Teachers

(4) Teaching Loads

a. Service Situations of Teachers

b. Standard Teaching Hours in 0ther Major Countries

(5) Teacher Training and In-Service Training

a. Teacher Training System

b. Training of Teachers

c. In-Service Training for Teachers

d. Guidance to Teachers.

(6) Leaders of Social Education

2 Facilities, Teaching Materials, Teaching Equipment and School Environment

(1) Facilities

a. School Buildings

b. Facilities for Physical Education in Schools

c. Facilities for Social Education

(2) Materials and Equipment

(3) School Environment

3 Assistance for the Encouragement of School Attendance

(l) Measures for Needy and Semi-Needy Pupils

(2) Scholarships and Aid to Students

4 Education in Densely and Sparsely Populated Areas

CHAPTER

ALLOCATION AND SOURCES OFEDU C ATIONAL EXPENDITURES

1 Educational Expenditures in the National Economy

(l) Educational Expenditures in Relation to National Income

(2) Educational Expenditures in Relation to Total Governmental Expenditures

2 Distribution of Educational Expenditures

(l) Distribution by Educational Field and by Educational Level

(2) Educational Expenditures per Pupil

(3) Distribution by Purpose

3 Sources of Educational Expenditure

(1) Sources of Public Educational Expenditures

(2) Distribution of 'the Source of School Education Expenditures by Educational Level and by the Kind of Establishing Body

(3) Sources of Social Education Expenditures

(4) Beneficiaries' Contributions and Benefits

(5) Educational Expenditures Borne by Parents and Students

1. National income, total public expenditures and educational expenditures

2. Distribution of educational expenditures

3. Educational expenditure in private schools

CHAPTER

EDUCATIONAL REFORM IN THEl970's

1 World Trends in Educational Reform

(l) The Task of Educational Reform in the Developed Countries

a. Educational Goals and Objectives

b. More Effective Allocation of Educational Resources

c. Review of Educational Structure

(2) Educational Planning in the Developing Countries

2 Trends in Educational Reform in Various Major Countries of the World

(1) U.S.A.

(2) England and Wales

(3) France

(4) Federal Republic of Germany

(5) U.S.S.R.

3 Educational Reform in Japan

(l) Deliberation in the Central Council for Education

(2) The Basic Guidelines for the Reform of Elementary and Secondary Education

l. Developing a School System Adapted to the Different Stages of Human Growth

2.Reforming the Curricula in Accordance with the Characteristics of Each School Level

3.Improvement of Students' Guidance Regarding Selection of Courses

4.Improving Educational Techniques in Order to Develop Students' Individual Abilities and Interests

5. Maintaining and Improving the Standard of Public Education and Equality of Educational Opportunity

6. The Positive Expansion and Development of Kindergarten Education

7. Positive Expansion and Improvement of Special Education

8. Improvement of the Structure of Management within Schools and the Administrative Structure of Education

9. The Training and Recruitment of Teachers and the Improvement of Their Status

10. The Promotion of Research in Educational Reform

(3) The Basic Guidelines for the Reform of Higher Education

1.The Diversification of Higher Education

2. Directions of Curriculum Reform

3. Improving Teaching Methods

4. The Necessity of Making Higher Education Open to the General Public and of Establishing a System of Certification

5. The Organizational Separation of Teaching and Research

6. Institutions of Category V (Provisionally to be Called "Research Centers")

7. Size of Institutions of Higher Education and Rationalization of Administrative and Managerial Organization

8. Improving the Employment of Teachers

9. The Direction to be taken for the Reform of Establishment Procedures for National and Public Universities

10. Improving Governmental Financing of Higher Education, the System of the Costs Borne by the Beneficiaries and the Scholarships System

11. A National Plan for Co-ordination of Higher Educational Improvements

12. Improving Students' Environment

13. Improving the Selection Procedure for Students

CHART INDEX

Figure1. School System in Various Major Countries

Figure 2. Trends in Enrollment Ratios of Kindergartens and Nursery Schools, 1959 -1969

Figure 3. Enrollment Ratios in Kindergartens by Prefecture, 1969

Figure 4. Social Demand for Pre-School Education by Types of Institutions

Figure 5.Demand for and Provision of Institutions of Pre-School Education

Table l. Percent of Age Group Enrolled in Kindergartens in Various Major Countries

Table 2. Length of Compulsory Education in Various Major Countries

Table 3. Percent of Age Group Enrolled at flue Level of Compulsory Education in Various Major Countries

Figure 6. Trends in the Number of Compulsory School Age Children Enrolled in Special Schools or Classes, 1959 - 1969

Table 4. Estimated Number of Pupils in Need of Special Education and Enrollment Percents, 1969

Table 5. Percent Distribution of Children Who Have Returned from Abroad by Type of Educational Institutions Attended During Their Stay Abroad

Figure 7. Trends in the Percent of Compulsory School Graduates Going on to Upper Secondary Schools, 1959 -1970

Figure8. Trends in the Percent of Compulsory School Graduates Going on to Upper Secondary Schools by Prefecture

Figure 9. Trends in the Number of Upper Secondary School Students by Type of Enrollment, 1959 -1970

Table 6. Percent( Distribution of Upper Secondary School Students by Type of Enrollment

Figure 10. Number of Upper Secondary School Students by Course, 1959-1970

Figure 11. Percent Distribution of Upper Secondary School Studentsby Course, 1964 and 1970

Table 7. Percent of Compulsory School Graduates Going on to Upper Secondary Education in Various Major Countries

Table 8. Percent of Those Who Left School after Compulsory Education Attending Part-time Educational and Training Institutions in the United Kingdom, France and the Federal Republic of Germany

Figure 12. Entrants into Universities and Junior Colleges, 1959 -1969

Figure 13. Percent Distribution of University and Junior College Entrants by Type and by Establishing Body, 1959-1969

Figure 14. Enrollment in Universities and Junior Colleges

Table 9. Large Universities in Various Major Countries

Figure 15. University Enrollment by Faculty, 1959 - 1969

Figure 16. Percent Distribution of Enrollment by Faculty or Department, 1969

Table 10. Percent Distribution of University Students by Faculty, 1959 and 1969

Figure 17. Female Enrollment in Universities and Junior Colleges, 1959 -1969

Table 11. Percent Distribution or Female students by Faculty or Department, 1969

Table 12. Enrollments in Institutions of Higher Education per 1,000 Inhabitants in Various Major Countries

Figure 18. Enrollment in Institutions of Higher Education in Various Major Countries, 1963 -1969

Table 13. Percent Distribution of Enrollments in Higher Educational Institutions by Field of Study in Various Major Countries

Table 14. Percent of Students Who Have Obtained Degrees within the Regular Period

Figure 19. Proportion of Female Students in Higher Educational Institutions in Various Major Countries

Table 15. Trends in Enrollment and in the Number of Technical Colleges, 1962 -1969

Figure 20. Graduate School Enrollment Trends by Establishing Body, 1959-1969

Table 16. Percent Distribution of Graduate School students Who Obtained Degrees in l968 by Field of Study

Table 17. Trends in the Number of Students Who Were Granted Degrees beyond the Bachelor's Degree per 100,000 Inhabitants in Various Major Countries, 1964 -1968

Table 18. Degree Grantees in Various Major Countries by Field of Study

Figure 21. Number of Universities Involved in Student Unrest During the 1969 Academic Year

Table 19. Proportion or Foreign Students in Higher Educational Institutions in Various Major Countries

Figure 22. Trends in the Educational Attainments of the Working-Age Population (15 -64 years of age)

Table 20. Distribution of Population 15 Years of Age and Over by Highest Level of Education Completed in Japan and the U.S.A.

Figure 23. Rate of Participation in Social Educational Activities by Type of Activity, 1967

Table 21. Trends in the Number or Persons Who nave Attended Classes or Lectures of Various Types Provided as Out-of-School Activities

Table 22. Number of Members of Social Education Organizations

Table 23. Percent Distribution of Broadcasting Programs of NHK by Content, 1969

Figure 24. Percent Distribution of Enrollment in Miscellaneous Schools by Sex and by Course, 1950, 1959 and 1970

Figure 25. Percent Distribution of Trainees byMajor Category of Industry

Table 24. Basic Principles of Curriculum Development and Points of Revisiona. Elementary and lower secondary schools

Table 24. Basic Principles of Curriculum Development and Points of Revisionb. Upper secondary schools

Table 25. Procedures for Prescribing Curriculum Standards in Various Major Countries

Table 26. Number of Weekly Teaching Hours, and Number of School Weeks and Days a Year in Various Major Countries

Table 27. Number of Standard Teaching Hours per Year by Subject in Japana. Elementary schoolsb. Lower secondary schools

Figure 26. Percent Distribution of Teaching Hours by Subject in Various Major Countriesa. Elementary schools (Grade II)b. Lower secondary educationc. Upper secondary education

Table 28. Types of Preparation of Textbooks for Elementary Schools in Various Major Countries

Table 29. Educational Content Related to Calculation in the First Grade in Various Major Countries

Table 30. Grade in Which Various Elements of Arithmetic and Mathematics Are Begun in Various Major Countries

Table 31. International Comparison of Educational Attainment in Mathematics

Figure 27. International Comparison of Educational Achievements in Mathematics

Figure 27. International Comparison of Educational Achievements in Mathematics -Continued -

Table 32. Weekly Number of Foreign Language (Modem Language) Teaching Hours

Table 33. Percent of Public Elementary, Lower Secondary, and Upper Secondary Schools Equipped with Educational Machines, 1969

Table 34. Number of Teachers Responsible for Pupil Guidance in Public Elementary, Lower Secondary and Upper Secondary Schools, 1969

Table 35. Relatuonshup between 'schools of First Choice', 'schools Applied to as a Result of orientation Guidance' and 'Schools to Which Actually Admitted' -Lower Secondary Level

Table 36. Percent Distribution of Full-Time Upper Secondary School Graduates by Career

Table 37. Percent of Employed Lower and Upper Secondary School Graduates Who Left Their First Job within Three Years after Graduation

Figure 28. Comparison of Heights and Weights in 1948 with Heights and Weights in 1969

Table 38. Increase in Physical Strength and Athletic Abilities

Table 39. Percent of Elementary and Lower Secondary Schools Furnished with School Doctors, Dentists, Pharmacists and School Nurses

Table 40. Percent of Pupils Suffering Various Diseases and Abnormalities

Table 41. Percent of Schools and Children Benefiting from School Lunch Programs by Type of Services, 1970

Figure 29. Percent of Pupils Benefiting from Full Meals, Supplementary Meals and Milk Services, 1959 -1970

Table 42. Standard Class-Size in Various Major Countries

Figure 30. Percent Distribution of number of Classes by Size, 1969-1969

Table 43. Percent Distribution of Classes by Size in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools in Japan, England & Males and Germany (F.R.)

Table 44. Number of Full-Time Teachers per Class in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools in Various Major Countries

Figure 31. Student-Teacher Ratios

Table 45. Number of Pupils and Students per Teacher in Kindergartens, Upper Secondary Schools and Universities by Establishing Body

Table 46. Number of Pupils and Students per Teacher in Various Major CountriesCountry

Table 47. Percent Distribution of Local Public School Teachers by Academic Background

Figure 32. Composition of Local Public Elementary and Lower Secondary School Teachers by Age (1968)

Table 48. Percent of Women Teachers in Japan

Table 49. Percent of Women Teachers in Public Schools in Various Major Countries

Table 50. Index of Teacher's Starting Salaries and Maximum Salaries in Various Major Countries

Figure 33. Standard Monthly Salaries of Teachers (1965)

Table 51.International Comparison of Average Teachers' Salaries and National Income per Capita

Table 52. Retirement Pensions in Major Countries

Figure 34. Composition of Teaching Loads of Local Public School Teachers by Type of Service

Table 53. Standard Teaching Hours per Week in Various Major Countries

Table 54. Teacher Training Systems in Various Major Countries

Table 54. Teacher Training Systems in Various Major Countries -Continued -

Table 55. The Proportion of Teachers with Certificates in the Subjects They Teach (1968)

Table 56. Teacher Consultants (Full-Time) in Boards of Education

Table 57. Increase in the Number of Staff Members for Social Education

Figure 35. Local Public School Building Space per Pupil

Figure 36. Space of Local Public School Buildings According to Type of Structure

Table 58. Shortage of Classrooms (1969)a. Elementary Schoolsb. Lower Secondary Schools

Figure 37. School Building Space per Pupil

Table 59. Percent of Public Schools with Gymnasiums and Swimming Pools

Table 60. Facilities for Social Education

Table 6l. Degree to Which the Standards Regarding Educational Materials is satisfied in Public Elementary and Lower Secondary Schools (1969)

Figure 38. Causes of Environmental Danger in Public Elementary and Lower Secondary Schools (Percent)

Table 62. The Percent Distribution of Scholarship Holders by Body Providing the Scholarship (1967)

Table 63. Indices of Increase in the Number and Amount of Scholarships Granted by the Japan Scholarship Foundation

Table 64. Kinds and Amounts of Scholarships Granted by the Japan Scholarship Foundation (1969)

Table 65. Governmental Scholarship Programs in Various Major Countries

Table 66. Temporary Measures Regarding the Shortage of Ordinary Classrooms (1969)

Table 67. Educational Data in Isolated Areas

Figure 39. Public, Public and Private, and Grand Total Education Expenditures as Percent of Gross National Product and of National Income in Japan, 1955 -1968

Figure 40. Public Education Expenditure as a Percent of National Income in Various Major Countries

Table 68. Public and Private Education Expenditure in Japan and the U.S.A. as Percent of National Income

Figure 41. National Income per Capita and the Percent of National Income Devoted to Public Education Expenditures in Various Major Countries

Table 69. Changes in the Percent of Total Governmental Expenditure Allocated to Public Education

Table 70. Percents of Total Governmental Expenditures Allocated to Education in Various Major Countries

Table 71. Changes in the Percent Distribution of Total Public and Private Education Expenditures in Different Educational Fields in Japan

Table 72. Changes in the Percent Distribution of Public and Private School Education Expenditures by Educational Level in Japan

Table 73. Percent Distribution of Public School Education Expenditures by Educational Level in Various Major Countries

Table 74. Public School Education Expenditures as a Percent of National Income by Educational Level in Various Major Countries

Table 75. Changes in the Amount of Japanese Public and Private School Education Expenditures per Pupil by Educational Levela. Real Amounts

Table 75. Changes in the Amount of Japanese Public and Private School Education Expenditures per Pupil by Educational Levelb. Indices

Table 76. Changes in the Amount of School Education Expenditure per Pupil by Educational Level and by the Kind of Establishing Bodya. Real Amountsb. Indices Taking National or Local Public School Expenditures as the Basec. Indices Taking 1955 as the Base

Table 77. Public and Private Education Expenditure per Pupil by Educational Level and by Major Purpose in 1968a. National and Local Public Institutions (1)b. Private Institutions

Table 78. Indices of Public School Education Expenditures per Pupil in Various Major Countries, Taking National Income per Capita as the Base

Table 79. Disparities among Prefectures in Educational Expenditures per Pupil in Compulsory Schools in Japana. Elementary Schoolsb. Lower Secondary Schools

Table 80. Changes in the Percent Distribution of Public and Private School Education Expenditures in Japan by Educational Level and by Major Category of Purpose

Table 81. Changes in the Percent Distribution of Japanese School Education Expenditures by Educational Level According to Major Purpose and Type of Establishing Bodya. Pre-primary Educationb. Upper Secondary Educationc. Higher Education

Table 82. Changes in the Percent Distribution of Social Education Expenditures by Major Purpose

Table 83. Percent Distribution of Public School Education Expenditures by Education Level and by Major Purpose in Various Major Countries

Table 84. Percent Distribution of Public Educational Expenditures by Source

Table 85. Percent Distribution of Public Educational Expenditures by Source in Various Major Counties

Table 86. Percent Distribution of School Education Expenditures by Source, Establishing Body and Educational Level, 1968

Table 87. Percent Distribution of Educational Expenditures by Source and Establishing Body in Various Major Countriesa. Local Public Primary and Secondary Schools

Table 87. Percent Distribution of Educational Expenditures by Source and Establishing Body in Various Major Countriesb. National and Local Public Institutions of, Higher Educationc. Private Institutions of Higher Education

Table 88. Percent Distribution of Social Education Expenditures by Source

Figure 42. Index of Recurrent Educational Expenditures with Beneficiaries' Contributions as the Base

Figure 43. Amount of Beneficiaries' Contributions per Student in Higher Education Institutions in Various Major Countries

Table 89. Beneficiaries' Contributions and Personal Consumption Expenditures per Capita in Various Major Countries

Figure 44. Index of Recurrent Expenditures in Higher Education with Beneficiaries' Contributions as the Base in Various Major Countries

Figure 45. Educational Expenditures Paid by Parents of Pupils in Local Public Elementary, Lower Secondary and Upper Secondary Schools, 1968

Table 90. Increase in School Education Expenditures per Pupil Paid by Parents in Local Public Elementary, Lower Secondary and Upper Secondary Schools

Figure 46. Student Expenses in Universities and Junior Colleges by Establishing Body, 1968

Table 91. Student Expense in Universities by Establishing Body

APPENDIX A. BASIC TABLES

Chapter 1. Expansion of Educational Opportunities

Chapter 2. Improvement of Educational Contents and Method

Chpater 3. Adequacy of Teaching Staff and Provision of School Facilities

Chapter 4. Soureces and Allocation of Educational Expedictures

APPENDIX B. LIST OF SOURCES

CONCLUSION

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