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CHAPTER EDUCATIONAL REFORM IN THEl970's

Once the goals and purposes of education have been made clear, effective allocation of resources must be considered. Available resources, including human resources, are limited, and so in approaching national goals or objectives the most effective allocation of these limited resources is one of the most major practical problems. Two phases of this problem in the field of education can be pointed out. One is the proportion of resources that the field of education should share within the total plan for social development. The other is determining resource allocation priorities within the field of education.

On the allocation of resources within the field of education the following three points should be taken into account.

It is necessary to make educational objectives clear in light of what the society expects from education, and then to determine the priority of these objectives. For this purpose it is necessary to develop an indicator adequate to measure educational output. It is also necessary to prepare objective materials concerning the unit cost of various educational activities, etc.

Educational technology has recently begun to attract a great deal of interest. In order to relate this to existing teaching learning processes large-scale research and development aimed at the overall improvement of the educational system is necessary.

Since 1965 the United States' government has employed management systems such as PPBS in formulating its budget. In the United Kingdom and other countries similar systems have been studied, and the introduction and development of scientific management has been undertaken. In a field such as education, which is highly intellectual and creative, the development of administrative techniques is necessary and further research on this is required.