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In this section the extent to which educational expenditures in national, local public and private schools, are financed by beneficiaries (students or parents) and the relationship between beneficiaries' contributions and benefits will be examined. Beneficiaries ' contributions include tuition fees, admission fees, etc. paid by parents or students while beneficiaries' benefits include recurrent expenditures by schools, such as expenditures for instruction, maintenance, repair, auxiliary services, etc. Figure 42 shows the chronological changes in Japan in this relationship by educational level and by establishing body, using beneficiaries' contributions as the base.
At all educational levels, the indices in public schools have gradually increased. This is especially noticeable in national institutions of higher education. On the other hand, in private schools, the indices are relatively low at all educational levels.
Figure 43 shows the changes in the amount of beneficiaries' contributions (tuition fees, etc.) per student hut higher education in various major countries, while Table 89 contrasts such changes with those in personal consumption expenditures per capita.
In private institutions in Japan, beneficiaries' contributions have risen in parallel with personal consumption per capita since 1956, while in national institutions they have remained at a relatively constant level over the same period. On the other hand, in public and private institutions in the U.S.A., beneficiaries' contributions have risen faster than the consumption expenditures, while, in Britain and Germany (F.R.); they have remained at about the same level. In higher educational institutions in U.S.S.R., no tuition fees are charged.
Figure 44 shows the changes in the index of recurrent expenditures based on changes in beneficiaries' contributions.
The figure shows that the indices have increased considerably in national and local public universities in Japan as well as in German universities (which are all national), while those in American universities have remained relatively constant in both public and private institutions. On the other hand, the index for private universities in Japan continues to remain at a relatively low level, while that for Britain is rising. The great discrepancy among national and local public institutions on the one hand, and private institutions on the other, is conspicuous from these indices of recurrent expenditures. In considering measures to be taken to eliminate such discrepancies, however, comprehensive consideration must be given to such matters as the distribution of family income and an appropriate system of scholarships adapted to such distribution, etc.
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