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CHAPTER 3 SUPPLY OF TEACHERS ANDPROVISION OF SCHOOL FACILITIES
3 Assistance in Encouragement of School Attendance
(3) Scholarship and Aid to Students


The Japan Scholarship Foundation is a quasi-governmental organization which was established in 1944 in accordance with the Law of the Japan Scholarship Foundation, with the aim of providing scholarship loans or grants to cover essential school expenses to capable students who find it difficult to continue their studies for economic reasons. The program of the Foundation has been expanded year after year and the number of pupils and studnts awarded scholarships has accordingly increased so much that about 1,300,000 pupils and students have enjoyed scholarship benefits and the amount of the scholarships totalled 65.6 billion yen by the end of 1963.

Figure 16. Number of Scholarship Loans, 1949-1963

Table 46. Indices of Increase in Numbers and Amounts of Scholarships Granted by the Japan Scholarship Foundation

In the 1964 school year, general scholarship loans were provided to about 190,000 pupils and students of upper secondary schools, universities and junior colleges, while about 80,000 pupils enjoyed special scholarship loans in the same year. The special scholarship loans were set up in 1958 with the aim of offering to capable pupils an opportunity to proceed to higher education with the promise of future scholarship loans.

Since 1964, another system of special scholarships for prospective teachers was launched with a view to inviting superior students into the teacher training faculties of state universities.

In addition to the Japan Scholarship Foundation, there are a number of public and private scholarship organizations which make loans or grants to pupils and students. As of 1963, these organizations classified by type of establisher were: 665 organizations or 40% by local public bodies; 489 organizations or 29% by juridical persons for the public welfare: 478 organizations or 26% by schools; 92 organizations or 5% by juridical persons established for profit. The students aided by these organizations number about 61,000, out of whom 36,000 were those attending upper secondary schools and the other 25,000 were attending institutions of higher education.

This means that one out of each 27 pupils of upper secondary schools one out of every 5 students in universities and one out of every 3 students in graduate schools receive scholarships either from the Japan Scholarship. Foundation or from other bodies.

Apart from the scholarship system, there are various organizations and program concerned with the welfare of, and aid for, students of universities and junior colleges. One is the Student Aid Association, which aims at improving the mental and physical status of students at state, prefectural and private universities, by providing them with accommodation facilities, making it possible for them to get side jobs, etc. Subsidies are provided by the Government to the projects of the Association.

Since the dormitories of state universities are capable of accommodating only about 29,000 students or 13.5 % of the total number of students at these universities, it is urgently needed to establish and increase such facilities.

All over the world today, most countries are making great efforts to expand their scholarship systems for the purpose of developing capable human resources. The table below gives a summary of the scholarship programs in major countries.

Table 47. Scholarship Programs in Major Countries

In the Unite States, it is reported that about one fourth of the superior students who were ranked in the top 25 pet cent of pupils of an upper secondary school give up their wish to go on to institutions of higher education, inspire of the considetable increases in recent years in the number of applicants to universities and colleges. Under the circumstances, the system of providing undergraduate students with loans and students of graduate schools with fellowships, has been established on the basis of the National Defence Education Act of 1958.

In the United Kingdom, pupils under 15 years old who are enrolled in compulsory education, are provided with study aids mainly by means of exemption front tuition and boarding expenses, while those who have entered the university upon passing the examination for the General Certificate of Education are eligible automatically for scholarships.

In France, "State Scholarships" are provided to pupils of secondary schools. The special examination for selection of applicants was recently abolished in an effort to lay stress on the economic situations of the pupils. Also, discrimination in the amount of the scho1flrship offered according to the type of school attendance (day students, residential students and semi-residential students) was abolished. The amount of the scholarship grant to students in higher education institutions differs according to the level of study (undergraduate course, postgraduate course, etc.) and, in general, the amount provided to students boarding at hostels is larger than to those attending from their own home. In addition to the scholarships French students are provided with such welfare facilities as student hostels, health insurance, sanatoria, etc., all of which are managed with subsidies from the State. University refectories are best furnished.

In the U.S.S.R. there is established, in addition to a general scholarship system, a special scholarship system by which more capable students are awarded grants exceeding by 25% the amount of the general fellowship grant.


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